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Template:Texas Constitution

2026-05-04T16:25:19Z

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<noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{PAGENAME}}}}'''! this template is used by over 500 pages !''' </noinclude><includeonly>[[Category:Texas Constitution]][[Category:WikiSEO Extension]]{{#seo:|title={{{seo_title|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|keywords={{{seo_keywords|Texas Constitution of 1876}}}|description={{{seo_description|The Texas Constitution of 1876 is the fifth since statehood.}}}|locale=en-US|site_name=TLG (texaslegalguide.com)|type=article|section=law|author=Admin|published_time={{{seo_published_time|2020-01-15T12:30:30Z}}}|image={{{seo_image|Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_1.jpg}}}|image_alt={{{seo_image_alt|Texas Constitution of 1876}}}}}</includeonly>{{{text}}}<noinclude>  ''note: set forth the constitutional language in bold text''</noinclude>

==Editor Comments==

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—[[Attorney Directory:Steve Smith-Pflugerville|Attorney Steve Smith]][[Category:By Steve Smith]]

==Recent Decisions==

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==Historic Decisions==

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==Library Resources==

* ''[[Texas Constitution:Vernon's Annotated Constitution of the State of Texas|Vernon's Annotated Constitution of the State of Texas]]'' (this multi-volume and up-to-date resource is available at all law libraries and many municipal libraries)

* ''[[Texas Constitution:The Texas State Constitution: A Reference Guide|The Texas State Constitution: A Reference Guide]]'' (this one-volume resource is available at most law libraries and some municipal libraries)

* ''[[Texas Constitution:The Constitution of the State of Texas: An Annotated and Comparative Analysis|The Constitution of the State of Texas: An Annotated and Comparative Analysis]]'' (this two-volume resource is available at most law libraries and some municipal libraries)

==Online Resources==

* [https://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/texas-1876-en/introduction ''Constitution of the State of Texas (1876)''] (this resource is published and maintained by the University of Texas School of Law)

* [https://tlc.texas.gov/docs/amendments/Constamend1876.pdf ''Amendments to the Texas Constitution Since 1876''] (this resource is published and regularly updated by the Legislative Council)

* [https://lrl.texas.gov/legis/constamends/amendmentAnalysis.cfm ''Reports Analyzing Proposed Amendments''] (this resource is published and regularly updated by the Legislative Reference Library)

Texas Constitution:Article I, Section 3

2026-05-01T15:16:15Z

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[[Category:Featured Article]]{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article I, Section 3 of the Texas Constitution (''"Equal Rights Provision"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=Adopted February 15, 1876:

'''All freemen, when they form a social compact, have equal rights, and no man, or set of men, is entitled to exclusive separate public emoluments, or privileges, but in consideration of public services.'''

|editor=

This has been called the natural rights section of the Texas Bill of Rights. However, the Texas Supreme Court and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals have always treated it as simply an equal rights provision.

In addition, for at least the last thirty-five years, all published appellate court decisions have assumed that the substance of this section and the substance of the federal equal protection clause are identical.

It seems improbable that the foregoing interpretation will be departed from by the Texas judiciary in the future. Nonetheless, for completeness, the apparent origin of this section's unique text is outlined below.

The influential Virginia Declaration of Rights was adopted in June 1776. The first section read: "[A]ll men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety." And the fourth read: "[N]o man, or set of men, is entitled to exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges from the community, but in consideration of public services; which not being descendible, neither ought the offices of magistrate, legislator or judge to be hereditary."

The first North Carolina Declaration of Rights was adopted in December 1776. The third section read: "[N]o man or set of men are entitled to exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges from the community, but in consideration of public services." And the twenty-second read: "[N]o hereditary emoluments, privileges or honors ought to be granted or conferred in this State." Note that no section directly addressed equality or equal rights.

The first Massachusetts Declaration of Rights was adopted in 1780. The first section read: "All men are born free and equal, and have certain natural, essential, and unalienable rights; among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties; that of acquiring, possessing, and protecting property; in fine, that of seeking and obtaining their safety and happiness." And the sixth read: "No man nor corporation or association of men have any other title to obtain advantages, or particular and exclusive privileges distinct from those of the community, than what rises from the consideration of services rendered to the public, and this title being in nature neither hereditary nor transmissible to children or descendants or relations by blood; the idea of a man born a magistrate, lawgiver or judge is absurd and unnatural."

The first Kentucky Declaration of Rights was adopted in 1792. The first section read: "[A]ll men, when they form a social compact, are equal, and [] no man or set of men are entitled to exclusive separate public emoluments or privileges from the community, but in consideration of public services." And the twenty-sixth read in part: "[T]he Legislature shall not grant any title of nobility or hereditary distinction."

The second Kentucky Declaration of Rights was adopted in 1799. The first section read: "[A]ll freemen, when they form a social compact, are equal, and [] no man or set of men are entitled to exclusive separate public emoluments or privileges from the community, but in consideration of public services." And the twenty-sixth read in part: "[T]he Legislature shall not grant any title of nobility or hereditary distinction."

The first Mississippi Declaration of Rights was adopted in 1817. The first section read: "[A]ll freemen, when they form a social compact, are equal in rights, and [] no man or set of men are entitled to exclusive separate public emoluments or privileges from the community, but in consideration of public services." And the twenty-sixth read: "[N]o hereditary emoluments, privileges, or honors shall ever be granted or conferred in this State."

The first Connecticut Declaration of Rights was adopted in 1818. The first section read: "[A]ll men, when they form a social compact, are equal in rights, and [] no man or set of men are entitled to exclusive public emoluments or privileges from the community." And the twentieth read: "No hereditary emoluments, privileges or honors, shall ever be granted, or conferred in this State."

The first Alabama Declaration of Rights was adopted in 1819. The first section read: "[A]ll freemen, when they form a social compact, are equal in rights, and [] no man or set of men are entitled to exclusive separate public emoluments or privileges, but in consideration of public services." And the twenty-sixth read in part: "No title of nobility, or hereditary distinction, privilege, honor, or emolument, shall ever be granted or conferred in this State."

The Declaration of Rights of the Republic of Texas was adopted in 1836. The first section read: "All men, when they form a social compact, have equal rights, and no man or set of men are entitled to exclusive public privileges or emoluments from the community." And the eighth read in part: "No title of nobility, hereditary privileges or honors, shall ever be granted or conferred in this Republic."

In ''Jackson v. Bulloch'', 12 Conn. 38, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/Conn_38.pdf#page=5 42-43] (1837), the Connecticut Supreme Court opined: "The bill of rights, in its 1st section, declares, that all men, when they form a social compact, are equal in rights, and that no man or set of men are entitled to exclusive public emoluments or privileges from the community. The language is certainly broad; but not as broad as that of the bill of rights in Massachusetts, to which it has been compared. It seems evidently to be limited to those who are parties to the social compact thus formed. Slaves cannot be said to be parties to that compact, or to be represented in it."

The State of Texas's first Bill of Rights was adopted in 1845. The second section read: "All freemen, when they form a social compact, have equal rights, and no man, or set of men, is entitled to exclusive separate public emoluments or privileges, but in consideration of public services." Note that no section directly addressed titles of nobility or hereditary emoluments, privileges or honors.

In ''Williams v. Cammack'', 27 Miss. 209, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/Miss_209.pdf#page=10 218] (1854), the Mississippi Supreme Court opined: "The principle here announced is that of equality in political rights, and a denial of all title to individual privileges, honors, and distinctions from the community but for public services. It was directed against superiority of personal and political rights . . . . But it has no reference to the private relations of the citizens, nor to the action of the legislature in passing laws regulating the domestic policy and business affairs of the people, or any portion of them. Such matters are left, with but few limitations, to the discretion of the legislature."

In the State of Texas's second Bill of Rights adopted in 1861 due to it joining the Confederacy and its third Bill of Rights adopted in 1866 due to it leaving the Confederacy, the relevant constitutional language remained exactly the same.

The State of Texas's fourth Bill of Rights was adopted in 1869 due to the demands of Congressional Reconstruction. The second section read: "All freemen, when they form a social compact, have equal rights, and no man, or set of men, is entitled to exclusive separate public emoluments or privileges." And the twenty-first read: "The equality of all persons before the law is herein recognized and shall ever remain inviolate, nor shall any citizen ever be deprived of any right, privilege or immunity, nor be exempted from any burden or duty, on account of race, color or previous condition."

Without any recorded debate, section twenty-one was dropped by the Constitutional Convention of 1875 from the State of Texas's fifth and current Bill of Rights. Cf. ''Reid v. Rolling Fork Pub. Util. Dist.'', 979 F.2d 1084, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14225699397135994464#p1089 1089] (5th Cir. 1992) ("Reid also urges that even if his federal constitutional claim is defeated, his claim under the Texas Constitution's equal protection clause survives. . . . There is ample support in Texas case law for the District's contention that the same requirements are applied to equal protection challenges under the Texas Constitution as to those under the United States Constitution.").

The courts and commentators often insert the term "free men" rather than "freemen" when quoting the text of this section. Because it appears in the enrolled version of the Texas Constitution, "freemen" is used here. Cf. Joshua Morrow, ''There Is Only One Texas Constitution'', 52 St. Mary's L.J. 765, [https://commons.stmarytx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&context=thestmaryslawjournal&#page=72 835-36] (2021) ("One constitution governs Texas: the manuscript constitution that the delegates to the Convention of 1875 signed and enrolled. . . . No longer should any court cite a pre-ratification copy as law, although courts can use those copies to help dispel any ambiguities that appear in the ratified text.").

Finally, note that no published appellate court decision has ever detailed the origin or otherwise discussed the history of this section's unique text. Cf. ''State v. Webb'', 238 Conn. 389, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7451084436936559118#p409 409] (1996) (citation omitted) ("Thus, as the defendant acknowledges, the concepts of the social compact and of natural law as sources of unenumerated constitutional rights are intertwined. Indeed, we have treated the two as functionally the same. We now, therefore, reaffirm . . . that neither the social compact clause nor its counterpart, natural law, constitutes a source of unenumerated rights under our constitutional scheme.").

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* ''State v. Loe'', 692 S.W.3d 215, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9682881558926563485#p236 236-37] (Tex. 2024) ("Article I, Section 3 of the Texas Constitution provides the following guarantee of equal rights: 'All freemen, when they form a social compact, have equal rights . . . .' Tex. Const. art. I, § 3. We have typically referred to Section 3 as our Constitution's 'equal protection' clause. ''See'' ''Bell v. Low Income Women of Tex.'', 95 S.W.3d 253, 257 n.4 (Tex. 2002). In 1972, Texans adopted the Equal Rights Amendment, which states, '. . . .' Tex. Const. art. I, § 3a. For convenience, we will refer to these two provisions jointly as the Equal Rights Clauses. We evaluate alleged violations of the Equal Rights Clauses in three steps.")

* ''Klumb v. Houston Mun. Emps. Pension Sys.'', 458 S.W.3d 1, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5024006811308680141#p13 13] (Tex. 2015) ("The Texas Constitution provides that all people 'have equal rights, and no man, or set of men, is entitled to exclusive separate public emoluments, or privileges.' . . . In conducting a rational-basis review, we consider whether the challenged action has a rational basis and whether use of the challenged classification would reasonably promote that purpose. ''Id''. These determinations are 'not subject to courtroom fact-finding and may be based on rational speculation unsupported by evidence or empirical data.' ''FCC v. Beach Commc'ns, Inc.'', 508 U.S. 307, 315, 113 S.Ct. 2096, 124 L.Ed.2d 211 (1993).")

* ''First American Title Ins. Co. v. Combs'', 258 S.W.3d 627, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8227542418100022905#p638 638-39] (Tex. 2008) (footnote omitted) ("'[T]he federal analytical approach applies to equal protection challenges under the Texas Constitution,' so resolution of the federal equal protection claim will also resolve the State equal protection claim. We conclude that the Comptroller's interpretation of the relevant statutes does not violate the insurers' equal protection rights. . . . This rational-basis review requires us to answer two questions: '(1) Does the challenged legislation have a legitimate purpose? and (2) Was it reasonable for the lawmakers to believe that use of the challenged classification would promote that purpose?'")

* ''Fort Worth Osteopathic Hosp., Inc. v. Reese'', 148 S.W.3d 94, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11799262158355772649#p97 97-98] (Tex. 2004) ("The Fourteenth Amendment provides that 'No State shall . . . deny to any person . . . the equal protection of the laws.' U.S. Const. amend XIV, § 1. The Texas Constitution contains a similar provision: '. . . .' Tex. Const. art. 1, § 3. The parties do not argue any distinction between these two clauses, and we have said that both guarantees 'require a similar multi-tiered analysis.' ''Ford Motor Co. v. Sheldon'', 22 S.W.3d 444, 451 (Tex. 2000); ''see also'' ''Rose v. Doctors Hosp.'', 801 S.W.2d 841, 846 (Tex. 1990) ('Texas cases echo federal standards when determining whether a statute violates equal protection.').")

* ''Bell v. Low Income Women of Texas'', 95 S.W.3d 253, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6848930107102445989#p265 265-66] (Tex. 2002) ("They rely on two cases which they claim suggest that we have 'applied a rational basis test more exacting than mere reasonableness,' in which the statutory classification must be rationally related not only to a legitimate state interest as required under federal law, but to the very object or subject of the legislation. . . . We do not read ''Whitworth'' and ''Richards'' to establish the more exacting standard the plaintiffs suggest. To the extent they might suggest such a standard, we have recently clarified that the federal analytical approach applies to equal protection challenges under the Texas Constitution.")

* ''Cannady v. State'', 11 S.W.3d 205, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13607837580022769587#p215 215] (Tex.Crim.App. 2000) (footnotes omitted) ("Cannady recognizes that this Court in the past has held that the Texas equal rights provision and the federal equal protection provision are coterminous. But he urges us to reconsider these holdings. This we will not do. . . . Therefore, a claim that a provision of the capital murder statute violates equal protection is reviewed using the rational basis test and the challenged classification need only be 'rationally related to a legitimate governmental purpose.' We have recognized that states have a legitimate and compelling interest in maintaining the safe, orderly, and effective functioning of prisons.")

* ''Texas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation v. Lewellen'', 952 S.W.2d 454, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14712011369692053572#p464 464-65] (Tex. 1997) (citations omitted) ("The Legislature has broad discretion in enacting social or economic legislation that does not classify on suspect categories, such as race, or impinge on fundamental rights. Under both federal and state equal protection analysis, such legislation is valid as long as it is rationally related to a legitimate state interest. . . . The equal protection clause is not, without more, violated merely because a law treats different geographic regions or political subdivisions differently, or because it allows political subdivisions the discretion to adopt or reject a statutory scheme.")

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* ''Richards v. LULAC'', 868 S.W.2d 306, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16846469003599294378#p310 310-11] (Tex. 1993) (citations omitted) ("[E]qual protection challenges under the Texas Constitution are reviewed under a multi-tiered system. Generally, we require only that the classification under challenge be rationally related to a legitimate state purpose. The general rule gives way, however, when the classification impinges on the exercise of a fundamental right, or when the classification distinguishes between people, in terms of any right, on a 'suspect' basis such as race or national origin. In those instances, the state action is subjected to strict scrutiny, requiring that the classification be narrowly tailored to serve a compelling government interest.")

* ''Lucas v. United States'', 757 S.W.2d 687, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9397562048417946578#p703 703] (Tex. 1988) (Phillips, dissenting) ("From a review of our opinions, I believe that Texas courts have traditionally adopted the federal equal protection analysis in interpreting our own equal protection provision. Of course, our courts are free to give independent meaning to similar or even identical state constitutional language . . . . While the wording of our equal protection clause seems broader than the corresponding provision of the United States Constitution, no decision of a Texas court has ever actually held that this textual distinction makes a difference. On the contrary, both courts and commentators have concluded that the protections are identical.")

* ''Vasquez v. State'', 739 S.W.2d 37, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16859953150837009694#p43 43] (Tex.Crim.App. 1987) ("Article I, Section 3 of the Texas Constitution and the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution secure to all persons similarly situated equal protection under the laws of this State and the United States. In the absence of a suspect classification, a state law is not repugnant to either constitutional provision so long as unequal treatment of persons is based upon a reasonable and substantial classification of persons. Unequal treatment of persons under a state law which is founded upon unreasonable and unsubstantial classification constitutes discriminating state action and violates both the state and federal constitutions.")

* ''Whitworth v. Bynum'', 699 S.W.2d 194, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5170238358851926343#p196 196-97] (Tex. 1985) (citations omitted) ("Subject to adhering to minimal federal standards, we are at liberty to interpret state statutes in light of our own constitution and to fashion our own tests to determine a statute's constitutionality. . . . This is particularly true when a state court is acting within a subject area uniquely appropriate for a state's judiciary, such as the common law. An examination of Texas cases reveals the standards we have previously set in respect to equal protection. A court begins by presuming a statute's constitutionality, whether the basis of the constitutional attack is grounded in due process or equal protection.")

* ''Hill v. Texas Water Quality Bd.'', 568 S.W.2d 738, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5367327063712323854#p739 739] (Tex.Civ.App.–Austin 1978, n.r.e.) ("Although the Attorney General [] refers to the 'unconstitutional' action of the Board, the only way that the Board's action could be remotely suspect under the Constitution of either the State or the Federal government would be a violation of equal protection due, as alleged by the Attorney General, to its arbitrary, capricious, and unreasonable action. This contention must fail as equal protection is a constitutional guaranty afforded only to 'persons' and the State does not have standing to raise the claim. ''South Carolina v. Katzenbach'', 383 U.S. 301, 86 S.Ct. 803, 15 L.Ed.2d 769 (1966).")

* ''Avery v. Midland County'', 406 S.W.2d 422, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11372107594211734005#p427 427] (Tex. 1966) ("The requirements of Article V, Section 18, of the Texas Constitution are to be construed and enforced consistently with Article I, Section 3, commonly referred to as the equal rights or equal protection clause of the Texas Constitution. Cf. ''Railroad Commission v. Shell Oil Co.'', [] 161 S.W.2d 1022 (1942). Equal protection of laws is not secured if persons are deprived of equality in political rights or otherwise subjected to an arbitrary exercise of governmental powers. See ''Burroughs v. Lyles'', [] 181 S.W.2d 570 (1944); ''Mumme v. Marrs'', [] 40 S.W.2d 31 (1931); ''Glasgow v. Terrell'', [] 102 S.W. 98 (1907).")

* ''Rucker v. State'', 342 S.W.2d 325, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=857724246162406398#p326 326-27] (Tex.Crim.App. 1961) ("Article 1, Section 3 of the Constitution of Texas, Vernon's Ann. St., and the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States secure to all persons similarly circumstanced equal protection under the laws of this State or any subdivision thereof, and it is a well-settled rule in all jurisdictions that a penal ordinance of a municipal corporation constitutes state action subject to these fundamental provisions . . . . Unequal treatment of persons under a state law which is founded upon unreasonable and unsubstantial classification constitutes discriminatory state action and violates both the state and federal constitutions.")

* ''San Antonio Retail Grocers v. Lafferty'', 297 S.W.2d 813, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4873988248706729577#p815 815-17] (Tex. 1957) ("We consider, then, whether there is any reasonable basis for applying the restrictive provisions of the Act to grocery stores only. We recognize that the test is whether there is any basis for the classification which could have seemed reasonable to the Legislature. . . . We can conceive of no reasonable basis for applying the provisions of the Act to grocery stores and exempting other stores therefrom. Neither can we conceive of any basis therefor which could have seemed reasonable to the Legislature. We agree with the conclusion of the trial court that the Act is unconstitutional.")

* ''Ex parte George'', 215 S.W.2d 170, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/215_SW2_170.pdf#page=3 172] (Tex.Crim.App. 1948) ("The question arises as to whether the exemptions mentioned invalidate the Act. In approaching a determination of such question it is well to keep in mind that there is nothing in our State or Federal Constitutions which prohibits the legislature of this State from resorting to classification for the purpose of legislation. The only limitation upon the passage of such legislation is that there must be some reasonable basis for the classification not arbitrary or capricious, and it must rest upon grounds of difference having a fair and substantial relationship to the legislation, so that all persons similarly circumstanced shall be treated alike.")

* ''Watts v. Mann'', 187 S.W.2d 917, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/187_SW2_917.pdf#page=8 924] (Tex.Civ.App.–Austin 1945, ref'd) ("The principles here involved are of long standing and general acceptation. Substantially they are: The Legislature may classify law violators and impose different penalties, inhibitions and restrictions upon the several classes, provided there is a reasonable basis for the classification. In determining whether there is a reasonable basis for the classification there is a general presumption that the Legislature has done its duty, not violated the Constitution; and therefore the classification will be upheld unless it appears, clearly and without doubt, that it has no reasonable basis of support.")

* ''Burroughs v. Lyles'', 181 S.W.2d 570, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/181_SW2_570.pdf#page=5 574] (Tex. 1944) (citations omitted) ("Article I, Section 3, of the Constitution guarantees to all persons equality of rights. This provision of the Constitution was designed to prevent any person, or class of persons, from being singled out as a special subject for discriminating or hostile legislation. This principle of equality also applies to political rights. Under the foregoing provision of the Constitution the Legislature has the power to adopt any classification it sees fit, provided there is a reasonable basis for such classification. . . . The discrimination is apparent, and we can perceive no reasonable basis for the classification.")

* ''Friedman v. American Surety Co.'', 151 S.W.2d 570, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/151_SW2_570.pdf#page=7 576-77] (Tex. 1941) (citations omitted) ("It is settled that [Article I, Section 3] guarantees to all men equality of rights. In spite of this, the State can adjust its legislation to differences in situation. Our Constitution does not forbid legislative classification of subjects and persons for the purpose of regulatory legislation, but it does require that the classification be not arbitrary or unreasonable. Classifications must be based on a real and substantial difference, having relation to the subject of particular enactment. If there is a reasonable ground for the classification, and the law operates equally on all within the same class, it will be held valid.")

* ''Mumme v. Marrs'', 40 S.W.2d 31, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/040_SW2_31.pdf#page=6 36] (Tex. 1931) ("[L]egislation is not open to objection if all who are brought under its influence are treated alike in the same circumstances. 9 Texas Jurisprudence, p. 553, § 117. In the very nature of society, with its manifold occupations and contacts, the Legislature must have, and clearly does have, authority to classify subjects of legislation, and, when the classification is reasonable—that is, based upon some real difference existing in the subject of the enactment—and the law applies uniformly to those who are within the particular class, the act is not open to constitutional objection. 9 Texas Jurisprudence, p. 555, § 119, p. 558, § 120, p. 561, § 121.")

* ''St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Co. v. State'', 261 S.W. 996, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/261_SW_996.pdf#page=4 999-1000] (Tex. 1924) ("In reaching a conclusion as to the reasonableness of the classification made by the Legislature, it matters not what might be the opinion of the members of this Court as to the wisdom or expediency of the statute. . . . There being reasonable ground for the legislative classification of persons with respect to payment and non-payment of passenger fares, and the law affecting equally all persons similarly situated under similar circumstances, the statute is not invalid under the provisions of Article I, of the State Constitution or of the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States.")

* ''Glasgow v. Terrell'', 102 S.W. 98, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/102_SW_98.pdf#page=2 99] (Tex. 1907) ("Every state has of necessity dual functions to perform—first, its political functions, which affect the public; second, its private functions, such as the acquisition of private property and the disposition of property already acquired. The latter are not in our opinion affected by the provision of the Constitution in question. It was so held in the case of ''Williams v. Cammack'', 27 Miss. 209, 61 Am. Dec. 508, in which a provision of the Constitution of Mississippi couched in substantially the same language was in question. . . . We have found no other case in which the words 'public emoluments and privileges' have been construed.")

* ''Gustafson v. State'', 48 S.W. 518, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/048_SW_518.pdf#page=2 519] (Tex.Crim.App. 1898) ("Our constitution provides (section 3, art. 1): . . . . Mr. Cooley says on this subject (Cooley, Const. Lim. 485): 'Equality of rights, privileges, and capacities unquestionably should be the aim of the law; and if special privileges are granted or special burdens or restrictions imposed, in any case, it must be presumed that the legislature designed to depart as little as possible from this fundamental maxim of government. The state, it is to be presumed, has no favors to bestow, and designs to inflict no arbitrary deprivation of rights. Special privileges are always obnoxious, and discrimination against persons or classes is still more so.'")

* ''Union Cent. Life Ins. Co. v. Chowning'', 26 S.W. 982, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/026_SW_982.pdf#page=3 984] (Tex. 1894) ("Appellant's counsel assert that the article in question is in conflict with article 1, § 3, of the constitution of the State of Texas, which is in these words: '. . . .' It is not shown just how the law violates this section, and, indeed, it would be difficult to imagine how a corporation which has no natural rights could be said to be entitled to such rights and privileges as grow out of the formation of a social compact. It is the creature of law, and entitled to just such rights as the law grants to it. When granted, such rights are protected from invasion the same as the rights of any natural person.")

* ''Francois v. State'', 9 Tex.Ct.App. 144, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/009_TexCtApp_144.pdf#page=3 146] (1880) ("Sect. 3, Art. I., of the Constitution of 1876 is a literal copy of sect. 2 of Art. I. of the Constitution of 1869, as quoted above, and sect. 29 of the same Constitution is a literal copy of the twenty-third section of the Constitution of 1869, also quoted above. These provisions, it is contended, abrogate art. 386 of the Penal Code, which was passed previously—on the twelfth day of February, 1858. It is also contended that art. 386 is in contravention of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. We do not propose to discuss anew these questions.")

* ''Bohl v. State'', 3 Tex.Ct.App. 683, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/003_TexCtApp_683.pdf#page=2 684-85] (1878) (citations omitted) ("[A]rticle 1, which is in these words: 'All freemen, when they form a social compact, have equal rights, and no man or set of men is entitled to exclusive separate public emoluments or privileges but in consideration of public services.' . . . The principle enunciated in the 3d section of the Bill of Rights is to be found expressed in the same language in each of the Constitutions under which the people of Texas have lived since the organization of the state government. And under those Constitutions the decisions heretofore rendered, holding Sunday laws constitutional, were made by our courts.")

|seo_title=Featured Article: Article I, Section 3 of the Texas Constitution ("Equal Rights Provision")
|seo_keywords=Article 1 Section 3, equal protection clause, equal rights provision
|seo_description=This section declares: "All freemen, when they form a social compact, have equal rights."
|seo_image_alt=Texas equal rights provision

}}

[[Category:Texas Bill of Rights]]
[[Category:Civil Rights Law]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtI Sec]]

Attorney Directory:Steve Smith-Pflugerville

2025-12-10T17:30:45Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Attorney Steve Smith}}<div style="font-size:115%; font-style:italic; text-align:center;">—[[Special:Contact/18685873|contact Steve Smith directly]]—</div>

[[File:TxBar18685873.jpg|thumb|125px|Steve Smith]]

Steve Smith 
P.O. Box 1625 
Georgetown, Texas 78628 
512.923.0544

''law school'': University of Texas

''license date'': 11/06/1987

''bar number'': [https://www.texasbar.com/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Find_A_Lawyer&template=/Customsource/MemberDirectory/MemberDirectoryDetail.cfm&ContactID=187483 18685873]

''practice area'': Public Interest

''website'': [https://texaslegalguide.com/Main_Page texaslegalguide.com]

{{DEFAULTCATEGORYSORT:Smith, Steve}}
[[Category:Attorney Directory]]
[[Category:Williamson County]]
[[Category:GeoData Extension]]

Attorney Directory:Steve Smith-Pflugerville

2025-12-10T17:29:58Z

Admin:

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 6

2025-11-03T17:08:58Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 6 of the Texas Constitution (''"Qualifications of Senators"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=As amended November 2, 1999:

'''No person shall be a Senator, unless he be a citizen of the United States, and, at the time of his election a qualified voter of this State, and shall have been a resident of this State five years next preceding his election, and the last year thereof a resident of the district for which he shall be chosen, and shall have attained the age of twenty-six years.'''

|editor=

This section has been amended once. The 1999 [https://www.lrl.texas.gov/scanned/sessionLaws/76-0/HJR_62.pdf modification] was part of a "constitutional cleanup amendment."

|recent=

None.

|historic=

* ''Luna v. Blanton'', 478 S.W.2d 76, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13753661835562663937#p78 78-79] (Tex. 1972) ("It is settled, of course, that where the Constitution prescribes the qualifications for holding a particular office, it is beyond the power of the Legislature to change or add to these qualifications unless the Constitution gives that power. . . . The Legislature declared in plain terms that the requirements set out in the forepart of Article 1.05 'shall not apply to ''any office''' for which the Constitution of Texas prescribes qualifications in conflict therewith. Article III, Section 6, of the Constitution prescribes the qualifications ''for the office'' of senator, and the qualifications there set out differ from and are in conflict with those found in Article 1.05.")

|seo_title=Article III, Section 6 of the Texas Constitution ("Qualifications of Senators")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 6, Texas Legislature, qualifications of Senators
|seo_description=The legislative power of Texas is vested in a Senate and House of Representatives.
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 6

2025-11-03T16:33:57Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 6 of the Texas Constitution (''"Qualifications of Senators"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=As amended November 2, 1999:

No person shall be a Senator, unless he be a citizen of the United States, and, at the time of his election a qualified voter of this State, and shall have been a resident of this State five years next preceding his election, and the last year thereof a resident of the district for which he shall be chosen, and shall have attained the age of twenty-six years.

|editor=

This section has been amended once. The 1999 [https://www.lrl.texas.gov/scanned/sessionLaws/76-0/HJR_62.pdf modification] was part of a "constitutional cleanup amendment."

|recent=

None.

|historic=

* ''Luna v. Blanton'', 478 S.W.2d 76, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13753661835562663937#p78 78-79] (Tex. 1972) ("It is settled, of course, that where the Constitution prescribes the qualifications for holding a particular office, it is beyond the power of the Legislature to change or add to these qualifications unless the Constitution gives that power. . . . The Legislature declared in plain terms that the requirements set out in the forepart of Article 1.05 'shall not apply to ''any office''' for which the Constitution of Texas prescribes qualifications in conflict therewith. Article III, Section 6, of the Constitution prescribes the qualifications ''for the office'' of senator, and the qualifications there set out differ from and are in conflict with those found in Article 1.05.")

|seo_title=Article III, Section 6 of the Texas Constitution ("Qualifications of Senators")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 6, Texas Legislature, qualifications of Senators
|seo_description=The legislative power of Texas is vested in a Senate and House of Representatives.
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 5

2025-11-03T16:17:43Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 5 of the Texas Constitution (''"Legislative Sessions; Order of Business"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=As amended November 2, 1999:

'''(a) The Legislature shall meet every two years at such time as may be provided by law and at other times when convened by the Governor.'''

'''(b) When convened in Regular Session, the first thirty days thereof shall be devoted to the introduction of bills and resolutions, acting upon emergency appropriations, passing upon the confirmation of the recess appointees of the Governor and such emergency matters as may be submitted by the Governor in special messages to the Legislature. During the succeeding thirty days of the Regular Session of the Legislature the various committees of each House shall hold hearings to consider all bills and resolutions and other matters then pending; and such emergency matters as may be submitted by the Governor. During the remainder of the session the Legislature shall act upon such bills and resolutions as may be then pending and upon such emergency matters as may be submitted by the Governor in special messages to the Legislature.'''

'''(c) Notwithstanding Subsection (b), either House may determine its order of business by an affirmative vote of four-fifths of its membership.'''

|editor=

As adopted in 1876, this section read: "The Legislature shall meet every two years at such time as may be provided by law, and at other times when convened by the Governor."

Note that Article III, Section [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 24|24]] limits regular sessions to 140 days and Article III, Section [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 40|40]] limits special sessions called by the Governor under Article IV, Section [[Texas Constitution:Article IV, Section 8|8]] to 30 days.

|recent=

None.

|historic=

* ''Walker v. Baker'', 196 S.W.2d 324, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/196_SW2_324.pdf#page=6 329-30] (Tex. 1946) ("Again, if the Senate has the power to convene at will, as relator claims, it has the power to have as many sessions as it elects; in fact, it could remain in continuous session for the purpose of passing on the Governor's appointments; but a member could not collect any pay for his attendance, because he would not be attending a session of the Legislature. . . . Construing the applicable constitutional provisions together, we have decided that they furnish no warrant for the Senate to convene of its own motion to pass on the Governor's appointments.")

|seo_title=Article III, Section 5 of the Texas Constitution ("Legislative Sessions; Order of Business")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 5, biennial sessions, order of business
|seo_description=The Legislature shall meet every two years at such time as may be provided by law.
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 4

2025-11-03T16:01:20Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 4 of the Texas Constitution (''"Election and Term of Office of Representatives"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=As amended November 2, 1999:

'''The Members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen by the qualified voters for the term of two years. Representatives shall take office following their election, on the day set by law for the convening of the Regular Session of the Legislature, and shall serve thereafter for the full term of years to which elected.'''

|editor=

As adopted in 1876, this section read: "The members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen by the qualified electors, and their term of office shall be two years from the day of their election."

|recent=

None.

|historic=

* ''Kirk v. Gordon'', 376 S.W.2d 560, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15089183536470278708#p562 562] (Tex. 1964) ("The Constitution plainly says that the term of office of members of the House of Representatives shall be two years from the date of their election. We are not at liberty to say that that means two years from the date the Legislature, to which the member is elected, convenes. The fact that the district attorney has filed with us a copy of his resignation to become effective next November 1, which is before the general election, does not alter the situation. It is the fact that the term of office of district attorney to which he was elected conflicts with the term of office of members of the House of Representatives which controls.")

|seo_title=Article III, Section 4 of the Texas Constitution ("Election and Term of Office of Representatives")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 4, Texas Representatives, two-year terms
|seo_description=In Texas, state Representatives are elected to two-year terms.
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 3

2025-11-03T15:48:28Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 3 of the Texas Constitution (''"Election and Term of Office of Senators"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=As amended November 2, 1999:

'''The Senators shall be chosen by the qualified voters for the term of four years; but a new Senate shall be chosen after every apportionment, and the Senators elected after each apportionment shall be divided by lot into two classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the first two years, and those of the second class at the expiration of four years, so that one half of the Senators shall be chosen biennially thereafter. Senators shall take office following their election, on the day set by law for the convening of the Regular Session of the Legislature, and shall serve thereafter for the full term of years to which elected.'''

|editor=

Note that the Texas Attorney General, in Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. [https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/2002/ga0006.pdf#page=6 GA-6] (2002), opined that: "The clear implication is that a member of the Seventy-seventh Legislature who was elected to the Seventy-eighth Legislature at the general election of November 2002 has a small 'window of opportunity' during which he or she may be appointed by the governor to an office or position that requires senate confirmation."

|recent=

None.

|historic=

None.

|seo_title=Article III, Section 3 of the Texas Constitution ("Election and Term of Office of Senators")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 3, Texas Senators, four-year terms
|seo_description=In Texas, state Senators are elected to four-year terms.
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 3

2025-11-03T15:47:17Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 3 of the Texas Constitution (''"Election and Term of Office of Senators"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=As amended November 2, 1999:

The Senators shall be chosen by the qualified voters for the term of four years; but a new Senate shall be chosen after every apportionment, and the Senators elected after each apportionment shall be divided by lot into two classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the first two years, and those of the second class at the expiration of four years, so that one half of the Senators shall be chosen biennially thereafter. Senators shall take office following their election, on the day set by law for the convening of the Regular Session of the Legislature, and shall serve thereafter for the full term of years to which elected.

|editor=

Note that the Texas Attorney General, in Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. [https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/2002/ga0006.pdf#page=6 GA-6] (2002), opined that: "The clear implication is that a member of the Seventy-seventh Legislature who was elected to the Seventy-eighth Legislature at the general election of November 2002 has a small 'window of opportunity' during which he or she may be appointed by the governor to an office or position that requires senate confirmation."

|recent=

None.

|historic=

None.

|seo_title=Article III, Section 3 of the Texas Constitution ("Election and Term of Office of Senators")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 3, Texas Senators, four-year terms
|seo_description=In Texas, state Senators are elected to four-year terms.
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 2

2025-11-03T15:35:44Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 2 of the Texas Constitution (''"Membership of Senate and House of Representatives"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=As amended November 2, 1999:

'''The Senate shall consist of thirty-one members. The House of Representatives shall consist of 150 members.'''

|editor=

In 1965, an [https://lrl.texas.gov/scanned/Constitutional_Amendments/Amendments59_tlc_1965-09-07.pdf#page=13 amendment] increasing the Senate to thirty-nine members was defeated with 61% voting against it.

This section has been amended once. The 1999 modification was part of a "constitutional cleanup amendment."

|recent=

None.

|historic=

* ''Ferguson v. Wilcox'', 28 S.W.2d 526, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/028_SW2_526.pdf#page=9 534] (Tex. 1930) ("[T]he Senate in the trial and conviction of relator acted as a court, and not as a part of the Legislature. Those powers were given to it expressly by the Constitution. Its judgment of removal and disqualification was the judgment of a court. Constitution, art. 15, §§ 3 and 4; Ferguson v. Maddox, supra; Kilbourn v. Thompson, 103 U.S. 168 []; Beall v. Beall, 8 Ga. 210, 228. By the plain provisions of article 2, § 1, no other department could exercise any power properly attached to it, and no other power, without an express provision of the Constitution authorizing it, could render its judgment of disqualification nugatory.")

|seo_title=Article III, Section 2 of the Texas Constitution ("Membership of Senate and House of Representatives")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 2, number of Senators, number of Representatives
|seo_description=The Texas Senate has thirty-one members and the Texas House of Representatives has 150 members.
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 2

2025-11-03T15:34:42Z

Admin: Undo revision 9257 by Admin (talk)

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 2 of the Texas Constitution (''"Membership of Senate and House of Representatives"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=As amended November 2, 1999:

'''The Senate shall consist of thirty-one members. The House of Representatives shall consist of 150 members.'''

|editor=

In 1965, an [https://lrl.texas.gov/scanned/Constitutional_Amendments/Amendments59_tlc_1965-09-07.pdf#page=13 amendment] increasing the Senate to thirty-nine members was defeated with 61% voting against it.

The section has been amended once. The 1999 modification was part of a "constitutional cleanup amendment."

|recent=

None.

|historic=

* ''Ferguson v. Wilcox'', 28 S.W.2d 526, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/028_SW2_526.pdf#page=9 534] (Tex. 1930) ("[T]he Senate in the trial and conviction of relator acted as a court, and not as a part of the Legislature. Those powers were given to it expressly by the Constitution. Its judgment of removal and disqualification was the judgment of a court. Constitution, art. 15, §§ 3 and 4; Ferguson v. Maddox, supra; Kilbourn v. Thompson, 103 U.S. 168 []; Beall v. Beall, 8 Ga. 210, 228. By the plain provisions of article 2, § 1, no other department could exercise any power properly attached to it, and no other power, without an express provision of the Constitution authorizing it, could render its judgment of disqualification nugatory.")

|seo_title=Article III, Section 2 of the Texas Constitution ("Membership of Senate and House of Representatives")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 2, number of Senators, number of Representatives
|seo_description=The Texas Senate has thirty-one members and the Texas House of Representatives has 150 members.
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 2

2025-11-03T15:34:12Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 2 of the Texas Constitution (''"Membership of Senate and House of Representatives"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=As amended November 2, 1999:

The Senate shall consist of thirty-one members. The House of Representatives shall consist of 150 members.

|editor=

In 1965, an [https://lrl.texas.gov/scanned/Constitutional_Amendments/Amendments59_tlc_1965-09-07.pdf#page=13 amendment] increasing the Senate to thirty-nine members was defeated with 61% voting against it.

The section has been amended once. The 1999 modification was part of a "constitutional cleanup amendment."

|recent=

None.

|historic=

* ''Ferguson v. Wilcox'', 28 S.W.2d 526, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/028_SW2_526.pdf#page=9 534] (Tex. 1930) ("[T]he Senate in the trial and conviction of relator acted as a court, and not as a part of the Legislature. Those powers were given to it expressly by the Constitution. Its judgment of removal and disqualification was the judgment of a court. Constitution, art. 15, §§ 3 and 4; Ferguson v. Maddox, supra; Kilbourn v. Thompson, 103 U.S. 168 []; Beall v. Beall, 8 Ga. 210, 228. By the plain provisions of article 2, § 1, no other department could exercise any power properly attached to it, and no other power, without an express provision of the Constitution authorizing it, could render its judgment of disqualification nugatory.")

|seo_title=Article III, Section 2 of the Texas Constitution ("Membership of Senate and House of Representatives")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 2, number of Senators, number of Representatives
|seo_description=The Texas Senate has thirty-one members and the Texas House of Representatives has 150 members.
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 68

2025-11-03T14:34:57Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 68 of the Texas Constitution (''"Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=Added November 4, 2025:

'''(a) The Legislature shall establish the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas to: (1) award grants to institutions of learning, advanced medical research facilities, public or private persons, and collaboratives in this State to provide money for: (A) research into the causes of, means of prevention of, and treatment and rehabilitation for dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (B) research, including translational research, to develop therapies, protocols, medical pharmaceuticals, or procedures for the substantial mitigation of the symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (C) facilities, equipment, and other costs related to research on dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; and (D) prevention programs and strategies to mitigate the detrimental health impacts of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (2) support institutions of learning and advanced medical research facilities and collaboratives in this State in all stages of: (A) discovering the causes of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (B) developing therapies, protocols, medical pharmaceuticals, or procedures for the substantial mitigation of the symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders from laboratory research to clinical trials; and (C) developing programs to address access to advanced treatment for dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; and (3) establish the appropriate standards and oversight bodies to ensure the proper use of funding authorized under this section, including facilities development.'''

'''(b) The members of the governing body and any other decision-making body of the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas may serve six-year terms.'''

'''(c) The Dementia Prevention and Research Fund is established as a special fund in the State Treasury outside the General Revenue Fund to be administered by the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas. The Comptroller of Public Accounts shall credit to general revenue interest due to the fund.'''

'''(c-1) On January 1, 2026, the Comptroller shall transfer $3 billion from this State's General Revenue Fund to the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund. The transfer made under this subsection is not an appropriation of state tax revenues for the purposes of Section [[Texas Constitution:Article VIII, Section 22|22]], Article VIII, of this Constitution. This subsection expires January 1, 2029.'''

'''(d) The Dementia Prevention and Research Fund consists of: (1) money transferred to the fund under this section; (2) money the legislature appropriates, credits, or transfers to the fund; and (3) gifts and grants, including grants from the federal government, and other donations received for the fund.'''

'''(e) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Constitution, the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas, as established by general law, may use money in the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund only for the purpose of funding: (1) grants for research on dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders, research facilities, and research opportunities in this State: (A) for the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders and the mitigation of the incidence of and detrimental health impacts from dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; and (B) to develop therapies, protocols, medical pharmaceuticals, or procedures for the substantial mitigation of the symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (2) the purchase, construction, or renovation, subject to the institute's approval, of facilities by or on behalf of a state agency or grant recipient; and (3) the institute's operation.'''

'''(f) Not including any unspent money appropriated to the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas carried forward from the preceding state fiscal year, the Legislature may appropriate not more than $300 million from the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund to the institute for a state fiscal year.'''

'''(g) Before the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas may award a grant authorized under this section, the grant recipient must have available an unexpended amount of money equal to one-half of the grant amount dedicated to the research specified in the grant proposal.'''

'''(h) The reasonable expenses of managing the assets of the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund shall be paid from the fund.'''

|editor=

According to available legislative history, this section's is to make Texas a leader in combating dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and related disorders.

|recent=

None.

|historic=

None.

|seo_title=Article III, Section 68 of the Texas Constitution ("Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 68, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease
|seo_description=The Legislature shall establish the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas.
|seo_published_time=2025-06-01T12:30:30Z
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:Health Care Law]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]
[[Category:Amendments 2025]]

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 68

2025-11-03T14:29:57Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 68 of the Texas Constitution (''"Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=Added November 4, 2025:

'''(a) The Legislature shall establish the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas to: (1) award grants to institutions of learning, advanced medical research facilities, public or private persons, and collaboratives in this State to provide money for: (A) research into the causes of, means of prevention of, and treatment and rehabilitation for dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (B) research, including translational research, to develop therapies, protocols, medical pharmaceuticals, or procedures for the substantial mitigation of the symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (C) facilities, equipment, and other costs related to research on dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; and (D) prevention programs and strategies to mitigate the detrimental health impacts of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (2) support institutions of learning and advanced medical research facilities and collaboratives in this State in all stages of: (A) discovering the causes of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (B) developing therapies, protocols, medical pharmaceuticals, or procedures for the substantial mitigation of the symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders from laboratory research to clinical trials; and (C) developing programs to address access to advanced treatment for dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; and (3) establish the appropriate standards and oversight bodies to ensure the proper use of funding authorized under this section, including facilities development.'''

'''(b) The members of the governing body and any other decision-making body of the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas may serve six-year terms.'''

'''(c) The Dementia Prevention and Research Fund is established as a special fund in the State Treasury outside the General Revenue Fund to be administered by the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas. The Comptroller of Public Accounts shall credit to general revenue interest due to the fund.'''

'''(c-1) On January 1, 2026, the Comptroller shall transfer $3 billion from this State's General Revenue Fund to the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund. The transfer made under this subsection is not an appropriation of state tax revenues for the purposes of Section [[Texas Constitution:Article VIII, Section 22|22]], Article VIII, of this Constitution. This subsection expires January 1, 2029.'''

'''(d) The Dementia Prevention and Research Fund consists of: (1) money transferred to the fund under this section; (2) money the legislature appropriates, credits, or transfers to the fund; and (3) gifts and grants, including grants from the federal government, and other donations received for the fund.'''

'''(e) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Constitution, the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas, as established by general law, may use money in the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund only for the purpose of funding: (1) grants for research on dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders, research facilities, and research opportunities in this State: (A) for the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders and the mitigation of the incidence of and detrimental health impacts from dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; and (B) to develop therapies, protocols, medical pharmaceuticals, or procedures for the substantial mitigation of the symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (2) the purchase, construction, or renovation, subject to the institute's approval, of facilities by or on behalf of a state agency or grant recipient; and (3) the institute's operation.'''

'''(f) Not including any unspent money appropriated to the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas carried forward from the preceding state fiscal year, the Legislature may appropriate not more than $300 million from the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund to the institute for a state fiscal year.'''

'''(g) Before the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas may award a grant authorized under this section, the grant recipient must have available an unexpended amount of money equal to one-half of the grant amount dedicated to the research specified in the grant proposal.'''

'''(h) The reasonable expenses of managing the assets of the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund shall be paid from the fund.'''

|editor=

....

|recent=

None.

|historic=

None.

|seo_title=Article III, Section 68 of the Texas Constitution ("Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 68, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease
|seo_description=The Legislature shall establish the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas.
|seo_published_time=2025-06-01T12:30:30Z
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:Health Care Law]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]
[[Category:Amendments 2025]]

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 68

2025-11-03T14:27:28Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 68 of the Texas Constitution (''"Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=Added November 4, 2025:

'''(a) The Legislature shall establish the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas to: (1) award grants to institutions of learning, advanced medical research facilities, public or private persons, and collaboratives in this State to provide money for: (A) research into the causes of, means of prevention of, and treatment and rehabilitation for dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (B) research, including translational research, to develop therapies, protocols, medical pharmaceuticals, or procedures for the substantial mitigation of the symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (C) facilities, equipment, and other costs related to research on dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; and (D) prevention programs and strategies to mitigate the detrimental health impacts of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (2) support institutions of learning and advanced medical research facilities and collaboratives in this State in all stages of: (A) discovering the causes of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (B) developing therapies, protocols, medical pharmaceuticals, or procedures for the substantial mitigation of the symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders from laboratory research to clinical trials; and (C) developing programs to address access to advanced treatment for dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; and (3) establish the appropriate standards and oversight bodies to ensure the proper use of funding authorized under this section, including facilities development.'''

'''(b) The members of the governing body and any other decision-making body of the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas may serve six-year terms.'''

'''(c) The Dementia Prevention and Research Fund is established as a special fund in the state treasury outside the General Revenue Fund to be administered by the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas. The Comptroller of Public Accounts shall credit to general revenue interest due to the fund.'''

'''(c-1) On January 1, 2026, the Comptroller shall transfer $3 billion from this State's General Revenue Fund to the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund. The transfer made under this subsection is not an appropriation of state tax revenues for the purposes of Section [[Texas Constitution:Article VIII, Section 22|22]], Article VIII, of this Constitution. This subsection expires January 1, 2029.'''

'''(d) The Dementia Prevention and Research Fund consists of: (1) money transferred to the fund under this section; (2) money the legislature appropriates, credits, or transfers to the fund; and (3) gifts and grants, including grants from the federal government, and other donations received for the fund.'''

'''(e) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Constitution, the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas, as established by general law, may use money in the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund only for the purpose of funding: (1) grants for research on dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders, research facilities, and research opportunities in this State: (A) for the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders and the mitigation of the incidence of and detrimental health impacts from dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; and (B) to develop therapies, protocols, medical pharmaceuticals, or procedures for the substantial mitigation of the symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (2) the purchase, construction, or renovation, subject to the institute's approval, of facilities by or on behalf of a state agency or grant recipient; and (3) the institute's operation.'''

'''(f) Not including any unspent money appropriated to the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas carried forward from the preceding state fiscal year, the Legislature may appropriate not more than $300 million from the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund to the institute for a state fiscal year.'''

'''(g) Before the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas may award a grant authorized under this section, the grant recipient must have available an unexpended amount of money equal to one-half of the grant amount dedicated to the research specified in the grant proposal.'''

'''(h) The reasonable expenses of managing the assets of the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund shall be paid from the fund.'''

|editor=

....

|recent=

None.

|historic=

None.

|seo_title=Article III, Section 68 of the Texas Constitution ("Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 68, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease
|seo_description=The Legislature shall establish the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas.
|seo_published_time=2025-06-01T12:30:30Z
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:Health Care Law]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]
[[Category:Amendments 2025]]

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-16

2025-11-03T14:11:50Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 49-d-16 of the Texas Constitution (''"Two Sections with Same Number–Broadband Fund and Water Fund"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=Added November 7, 2023:

''text of Article III, Section 49-d-16 proposed by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., H.J.R. No. 125''

'''(a) In this section: (1) "Comptroller" means the Comptroller of Public Accounts of the State of Texas or its successor. (2) "Fund" means the Broadband Infrastructure Fund.'''

'''(b) The Broadband Infrastructure Fund is created as a special fund in the State Treasury outside the General Revenue Fund.'''

'''(c) The Fund consists of: (1) money transferred or deposited to the credit of the fund by this Constitution, general law, or the General Appropriations Act; (2) revenue that the Legislature by general law dedicates for deposit to the credit of the fund; (3) investment earnings and interest earned on money in the fund; and (4) gifts, grants, and donations to the fund.'''

'''(d) Money in the Fund shall be administered by the Comptroller. Money from the fund may be used, without further appropriation, only for the expansion of access to and adoption of broadband and telecommunications services, including: (1) the development, construction, reconstruction, and expansion of broadband and telecommunications infrastructure or services; (2) the operation of broadband and telecommunications infrastructure; (3) the provision of broadband and telecommunications services; and (4) the reasonable expenses of administering and managing the investments of the fund.'''

'''(e) The Legislature by general law shall provide for the manner in which the assets of the Fund may be used, subject to the limitations of this section. Money in the fund may be used in conjunction with other funds or financial resources, including money from the federal government, in accordance with procedures, standards, and limitations established by federal law and general law of this State.'''

'''(f) The Comptroller may transfer money from the Fund to another fund as provided by general law. The State agency that administers the fund to which the money is transferred as authorized by this subsection may use the money without further appropriation only for the expansion of access to and adoption of broadband and telecommunications services as provided by general law.'''

'''(g) Unless extended by adoption of a concurrent resolution approved by a record vote of two-thirds of the members of each House of the Legislature, this section expires on September 1, 2035. A resolution suspends the expiration of this section until September 1 of the 10th year following the adoption of the resolution.'''

'''(h) Immediately before the expiration of this section, the Comptroller shall transfer any unexpended and unobligated balance remaining in the Fund to the General Revenue Fund.'''

'''(i) For purposes of Section [[Texas Constitution:Article VIII, Section 22|22]], Article VIII, of this Constitution: (1) money in the Fund is dedicated by this Constitution; and (2) an appropriation of State tax revenues for the purpose of depositing money to the credit of the fund is treated as if it were an appropriation of revenues dedicated by this Constitution.'''

''text of Article III, Section 49-d-16 proposed by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., S.J.R. No. 75''

'''(a) The Texas Water Fund is created as a special fund in the State Treasury outside the General Revenue Fund. The fund is administered by the Texas Water Development Board or by that board's successor in function as provided by general law. The Legislature may appropriate money for the purpose of depositing the money to the fund to be available for transfer as provided by Subsection (b) of this section.'''

'''(b) The administrator of the Texas Water Fund may use the fund only to transfer money to other funds or accounts administered by the Texas Water Development Board or that board's successor in function. Money transferred from the Texas Water Fund to a fund or account may be spent without further legislative appropriation in the manner provided by general law governing the use of money in the fund or account to which the money was transferred. The administrator may restore to the Fund money transferred from the Fund and deposited to the credit of another fund or account. Legislative appropriation is not required for the administrator to transfer money from or restore money to the Fund, including the transfer of money from the Fund to or the restoration of the money from: (1) the Water Assistance Fund No. 480; (2) the New Water Supply for Texas Fund; (3) the Rural Water Assistance Fund No. 301; or (4) the Statewide Water Public Awareness Account.'''

'''(c) The Texas Water Fund consists of: (1) money transferred or deposited to the credit of the fund by general law, including money appropriated by the Legislature directly to the fund and money from any source transferred or deposited to the credit of the fund authorized by general law; (2) any other revenue that the Legislature by statute dedicates for deposit to the credit of the fund; (3) investment earnings and interest earned on amounts credited to the fund; (4) money from gifts, grants, or donations to the fund; and (5) money returned from any authorized transfer.'''

'''(d) The Legislature by general law shall provide for the manner in which money from the Texas Water Fund may be used, subject to the limitations provided by this section.'''

'''(e) Of the amount of money initially appropriated to the Texas Water Fund, the administrator of the fund shall allocate not less than 25 percent to be used only for transfer to the New Water Supply for Texas Fund.'''

'''(f) The expenses of managing the investments of the Texas Water Fund shall be paid from that fund.'''

'''(g) For purposes of Section [[Texas Constitution:Article VIII, Section 22|22]], Article VIII, of this Constitution: (1) money in the Texas Water Fund is dedicated by this Constitution; and (2) an appropriation of State tax revenues for the purpose of depositing money to the credit of the Texas Water Fund is treated as if it were an appropriation of revenues dedicated by this Constitution.'''

'''(h) Any unexpended and unobligated balance remaining in the Texas Water Fund at the end of a State fiscal biennium is appropriated to the administrator of that fund for the following state fiscal biennium for the purposes authorized by this section.'''

|editor=

There are currently two Article III sections numbered 49-d-16.

Both were approved by voters on November 7, 2023.

Neither has been amended or repealed since that date.

|recent=

None.

|historic=

None.

|seo_title=Article III, Section 49-d-16 of the Texas Constitution ("Two Sections with Same Number—Broadband Fund and Water Fund")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 49-d-16, broadband fund, water fund
|seo_description=There are currently two Article III sections numbered 49-d-16. Both were approved by voters on November 7, 2023.
|seo_published_time=2023-11-07T12:30:30Z
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:Technology Law]]
[[Category:Water Law]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]
[[Category:Amendments 2025]]

Texas Constitution talk:Article III, Section 49-d-16

2025-11-03T14:10:43Z

Admin: Undo revision 9250 by Admin (talk)

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{PAGENAME}} of the Texas Constitution–discussion page}}__NOTOC__This page is available for comment and discussion regarding the page ''{{PAGENAME}} of the Texas Constitution''.

== 2025 ==

4. HJR 7
... amend Article III, Section 49-d-16:

As amended November 4, 2025: ...

(c) The Texas water fund consists of: (1) money transferred or deposited to the credit of the fund under this constitution or by general law, including money appropriated by the legislature directly to the fund and money from any source transferred or deposited to the credit of the fund authorized by this constitution or by general law; (2) any other revenue that the legislature by statute dedicates for deposit to the credit of the fund; (3) investment earnings and interest earned on amounts credited to the fund; (4) money from gifts, grants, or donations to the fund; (5) money returned from any authorized transfer; and (6) money in accounts established in the fund under this constitution or by general law.

(e) The legislature by general law or by adoption of a concurrent resolution approved by a record vote of a majority of the members of each house may allocate for transfer to the funds and accounts administered by the Texas Water Development Board or that board's successor the money deposited to the credit of the Texas water fund under Section 7-e, Article VIII, of this constitution. The allocation of money prescribed by a general law or resolution under this subsection may not be changed by the legislature during the first 10 fiscal years for which the money is allocated by the general law or resolution. Any money deposited to the credit of the Texas water fund under Section 7-e, Article VIII, of this constitution that is not allocated by a general law or resolution under this subsection may be transferred to other funds or accounts by the Texas Water Development Board or that board's successor in accordance with Subsection (b) of this section.

(e-1) During a state of disaster declared under Chapter 418, Government Code, or its successor, an allocation made under Subsection (e) of this section may be suspended through the budget execution process under Chapter 317, Government Code, or its successor, or by adoption of a concurrent resolution approved by a record vote of a majority of the members of each house. During a suspension of an allocation under this subsection, the money that would have been allocated but for the suspension is subject to appropriation by the legislature for any purpose. It is the intent of the legislature that any money repurposed under this subsection be restored to the Texas water fund when practicable.

(e-2) Of the amount of money initially appropriated to the Texas water fund, the administrator of the fund shall allocate not less than 25 percent to be used only for transfer to the New Water Supply for Texas Fund.

(e-3) This subsection and Subsections (e), (e-1), and (e-2) of this section expire August 31, 2047.

Texas Constitution talk:Article III, Section 49-d-16

2025-11-03T14:10:23Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{PAGENAME}} of the Texas Constitution–discussion page}}__NOTOC__This page is available for comment and discussion regarding the page ''{{PAGENAME}} of the Texas Constitution''.

== 2025 ==

4. HJR 7
... amend Article III, Section 49-d-16:

As amended November 4, 2025: ...

(c) The Texas water fund consists of: (1) money transferred or deposited to the credit of the fund under this constitution or by general law, including money appropriated by the legislature directly to the fund and money from any source transferred or deposited to the credit of the fund authorized by this constitution or by general law; (2) any other revenue that the legislature by statute dedicates for deposit to the credit of the fund; (3) investment earnings and interest earned on amounts credited to the fund; (4) money from gifts, grants, or donations to the fund; (5) money returned from any authorized transfer; and (6) money in accounts established in the fund under this constitution or by general law.

(e) The legislature by general law or by adoption of a concurrent resolution approved by a record vote of a majority of the members of each house may allocate for transfer to the funds and accounts administered by the Texas Water Development Board or that board's successor the money deposited to the credit of the Texas water fund under Section 7-e, Article VIII, of this constitution. The allocation of money prescribed by a general law or resolution under this subsection may not be changed by the legislature during the first 10 fiscal years for which the money is allocated by the general law or resolution. Any money deposited to the credit of the Texas water fund under Section 7-e, Article VIII, of this constitution that is not allocated by a general law or resolution under this subsection may be transferred to other funds or accounts by the Texas Water Development Board or that board's successor in accordance with Subsection (b) of this section.

(e-1) During a state of disaster declared under Chapter 418, Government Code, or its successor, an allocation made under Subsection (e) of this section may be suspended through the budget execution process under Chapter 317, Government Code, or its successor, or by adoption of a concurrent resolution approved by a record vote of a majority of the members of each house. During a suspension of an allocation under this subsection, the money that would have been allocated but for the suspension is subject to appropriation by the legislature for any purpose. It is the intent of the legislature that any money repurposed under this subsection be restored to the Texas water fund when practicable.

|seo_title=Article III, Section 68 of the Texas Constitution ("Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 68, dementia institute, debt authorization
|seo_description=The Legislature shall establish the ....
|seo_published_time=2025-06-01T12:30:30Z
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:Health Care Law]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]
[[Category:Amendments 2025]]

(e-2) Of the amount of money initially appropriated to the Texas water fund, the administrator of the fund shall allocate not less than 25 percent to be used only for transfer to the New Water Supply for Texas Fund.

(e-3) This subsection and Subsections (e), (e-1), and (e-2) of this section expire August 31, 2047.

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 68

2025-11-03T14:08:20Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 68 of the Texas Constitution (''"Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=Added November 4, 2025:

(a) The legislature shall establish the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas to: (1) award grants to institutions of learning, advanced medical research facilities, public or private persons, and collaboratives in this state to provide money for: (A) research into the causes of, means of prevention of, and treatment and rehabilitation for dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (B) research, including translational research, to develop therapies, protocols, medical pharmaceuticals, or procedures for the substantial mitigation of the symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (C) facilities, equipment, and other costs related to research on dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; and (D) prevention programs and strategies to mitigate the detrimental health impacts of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (2) support institutions of learning and advanced medical research facilities and collaboratives in this state in all stages of: (A) discovering the causes of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (B) developing therapies, protocols, medical pharmaceuticals, or procedures for the substantial mitigation of the symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders from laboratory research to clinical trials; and (C) developing programs to address access to advanced treatment for dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; and (3) establish the appropriate standards and oversight bodies to ensure the proper use of funding authorized under this section, including facilities development.

(b) The members of the governing body and any other decision-making body of the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas may serve six-year terms.

(c) The Dementia Prevention and Research Fund is established as a special fund in the state treasury outside the general revenue fund to be administered by the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas. The comptroller of public accounts shall credit to general revenue interest due to the fund.

(c-1) On January 1, 2026, the comptroller shall transfer $3 billion from this state's general revenue fund to the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund. The transfer made under this subsection is not an appropriation of state tax revenues for the purposes of Section 22, Article VIII, of this constitution. This subsection expires January 1, 2029.

(d) The Dementia Prevention and Research Fund consists of: (1) money transferred to the fund under this section; (2) money the legislature appropriates, credits, or transfers to the fund; and (3) gifts and grants, including grants from the federal government, and other donations received for the fund.

(e) Notwithstanding any other provision of this constitution, the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas, as established by general law, may use money in the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund only for the purpose of funding: (1) grants for research on dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders, research facilities, and research opportunities in this state:(A) for the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders and the mitigation of the incidence of and detrimental health impacts from dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; and (B) to develop therapies, protocols, medical pharmaceuticals, or procedures for the substantial mitigation of the symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (2) the purchase, construction, or renovation, subject to the institute's approval, of facilities by or on behalf of a state agency or grant recipient; and (3) the institute's operation.

(f) Not including any unspent money appropriated to the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas carried forward from the preceding state fiscal year, the legislature may appropriate not more than $300 million from the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund to the institute for a state fiscal year.

(g) Before the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas may award a grant authorized under this section, the grant recipient must have available an unexpended amount of money equal to one-half of the grant amount dedicated to the research specified in the grant proposal.

(h) The reasonable expenses of managing the assets of the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund shall be paid from the fund.

|editor=

....

|recent=

None.

|historic=

None.

|seo_title=Article III, Section 68 of the Texas Constitution ("Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 68, dementia institute, debt authorization
|seo_description=The Legislature shall establish the ....
|seo_published_time=2025-06-01T12:30:30Z
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:Health Care Law]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]
[[Category:Amendments 2025]]

Texas Constitution:Article III

2025-11-03T14:07:43Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III of the Texas Constitution}}[[File:mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg|125px|border|right|Article III: Legislative Department]]The official title of Article III is "Legislative Department."

It originally had fifty-eight sections. Ninety-six sections have been added.

Four of the original and twenty-five of the added sections have been repealed.

Sections 50-b-4 and 50-b-5 (''"Additional Student Loans"'') have an official title.

Note that the term "Proceedings" precedes Section 29.

And "Requirements and Limitations" precedes Section 42.

On TLG, each section of the state constitution has its own page:

* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 1|Article III, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 2|Article III, Section 2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 3|Article III, Section 3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 4|Article III, Section 4 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 5|Article III, Section 5 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 6|Article III, Section 6 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 7|Article III, Section 7 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 8|Article III, Section 8 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 9|Article III, Section 9 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 10|Article III, Section 10 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 11|Article III, Section 11 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 12|Article III, Section 12 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 13|Article III, Section 13 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 14|Article III, Section 14 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 15|Article III, Section 15 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 16|Article III, Section 16 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 17|Article III, Section 17 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 18|Article III, Section 18 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 19|Article III, Section 19 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 20|Article III, Section 20 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 21|Article III, Section 21 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 22|Article III, Section 22 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 23|Article III, Section 23 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 23-a|Article III, Section 23-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 24|Article III, Section 24 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 24-a|Article III, Section 24-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 25|Article III, Section 25 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 26|Article III, Section 26 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 26-a|Article III, Section 26-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 27|Article III, Section 27 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 28|Article III, Section 28 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 29|Article III, Section 29 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 30|Article III, Section 30 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 31|Article III, Section 31 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 32|Article III, Section 32 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 33|Article III, Section 33 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 34|Article III, Section 34 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 35|Article III, Section 35 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 36|Article III, Section 36 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 37|Article III, Section 37 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 38|Article III, Section 38 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 39|Article III, Section 39 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 40|Article III, Section 40 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 41|Article III, Section 41 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 42|Article III, Section 42 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 43|Article III, Section 43 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 44|Article III, Section 44 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 45|Article III, Section 45 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 46|Article III, Section 46 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 47|Article III, Section 47 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48|Article III, Section 48 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-a|Article III, Section 48-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-b|Article III, Section 48-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-d|Article III, Section 48-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-e|Article III, Section 48-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-f|Article III, Section 48-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49|Article III, Section 49 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-a|Article III, Section 49-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b|Article III, Section 49-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b-1|Article III, Section 49-b-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b-2|Article III, Section 49-b-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b-3|Article III, Section 49-b-3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-c|Article III, Section 49-c of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d|Article III, Section 49-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-1|Article III, Section 49-d-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-2|Article III, Section 49-d-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-3|Article III, Section 49-d-3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-4|Article III, Section 49-d-4 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-5|Article III, Section 49-d-5 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-6|Article III, Section 49-d-6 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-7|Article III, Section 49-d-7 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-8|Article III, Section 49-d-8 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-9|Article III, Section 49-d-9 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-10|Article III, Section 49-d-10 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-11|Article III, Section 49-d-11 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-12|Article III, Section 49-d-12 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-13|Article III, Section 49-d-13 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-14|Article III, Section 49-d-14 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-16|Article III, Section 49-d-16 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-e|Article III, Section 49-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-e-1|Article III, Section 49-e-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-f|Article III, Section 49-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-g|Article III, Section 49-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-h|Article III, Section 49-h of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-i|Article III, Section 49-i of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-j|Article III, Section 49-j of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-k|Article III, Section 49-k of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-l|Article III, Section 49-l of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-m|Article III, Section 49-m of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-n|Article III, Section 49-n of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-o|Article III, Section 49-o of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-p|Article III, Section 49-p of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50|Article III, Section 50 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-a|Article III, Section 50-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b|Article III, Section 50-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-1|Article III, Section 50-b-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-2|Article III, Section 50-b-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-3|Article III, Section 50-b-3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-4|Article III, Section 50-b-4 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-5|Article III, Section 50-b-5 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-6|Article III, Section 50-b-6 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-6A|Article III, Section 50-b-6A of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-7|Article III, Section 50-b-7 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-c|Article III, Section 50-c of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-d|Article III, Section 50-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-e|Article III, Section 50-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-f|Article III, Section 50-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-g|Article III, Section 50-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51|Article III, Section 51 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-a|Article III, Section 51-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-a-1|Article III, Section 51-a-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-a-2|Article III, Section 51-a-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-b|Article III, Section 51-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-b-1|Article III, Section 51-b-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-c|Article III, Section 51-c of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-d|Article III, Section 51-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-e|Article III, Section 51-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-f|Article III, Section 51-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-g|Article III, Section 51-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52|Article III, Section 52 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-a|Article III, Section 52-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-b|Article III, Section 52-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-d|Article III, Section 52-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-e|Article III, Section 52-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-f|Article III, Section 52-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-g|Article III, Section 52-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-h|Article III, Section 52-h of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-i|Article III, Section 52-i of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-j|Article III, Section 52-j of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-k|Article III, Section 52-k of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-l|Article III, Section 52-l of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 53|Article III, Section 53 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 54|Article III, Section 54 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 55|Article III, Section 55 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 56|Article III, Section 56 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 57|Article III, Section 57 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 58|Article III, Section 58 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 59|Article III, Section 59 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 60|Article III, Section 60 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 61|Article III, Section 61 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 61-a|Article III, Section 61-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 62|Article III, Section 62 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 63|Article III, Section 63 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 64|Article III, Section 64 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 65|Article III, Section 65 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 66|Article III, Section 66 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 67|Article III, Section 67 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 68|Article III, Section 68 of the Texas Constitution]]

[[Category:Texas Constitution]]
[[Category:By Steve Smith]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtIII]]
[[Category:WikiSEO Extension]]
{{#seo:
|title=Article III of the Texas Constitution ("Legislative Department")
|keywords=Article 3 Texas Constitution, legislature proceedings, legislature limitations
|description=The official title of Article III is "Legislative Department." It currently has 125 sections.
|locale=en-US
|site_name=TLG (texaslegalguide.com)
|type=article
|section=law
|author=Admin
|published_time=2020-01-15T12:30:30Z
|image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department
}}

Texas Constitution:Article III

2025-11-03T13:57:48Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III of the Texas Constitution}}[[File:mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg|125px|border|right|Article III: Legislative Department]]The official title of Article III is "Legislative Department."

It originally had fifty-eight sections. Ninety-six sections have been added.

Four of the original and twenty-five of the added sections have been repealed.

Sections 50-b-4 and 50-b-5 (''"Additional Student Loans"'') have an official title.

Note that the term "Proceedings" precedes Section 29.

And "Requirements and Limitations" precedes Section 42.

On TLG, each section of the state constitution has its own page:

* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 1|Article III, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 2|Article III, Section 2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 3|Article III, Section 3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 4|Article III, Section 4 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 5|Article III, Section 5 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 6|Article III, Section 6 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 7|Article III, Section 7 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 8|Article III, Section 8 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 9|Article III, Section 9 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 10|Article III, Section 10 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 11|Article III, Section 11 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 12|Article III, Section 12 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 13|Article III, Section 13 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 14|Article III, Section 14 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 15|Article III, Section 15 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 16|Article III, Section 16 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 17|Article III, Section 17 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 18|Article III, Section 18 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 19|Article III, Section 19 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 20|Article III, Section 20 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 21|Article III, Section 21 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 22|Article III, Section 22 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 23|Article III, Section 23 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 23-a|Article III, Section 23-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 24|Article III, Section 24 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 24-a|Article III, Section 24-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 25|Article III, Section 25 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 26|Article III, Section 26 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 26-a|Article III, Section 26-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 27|Article III, Section 27 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 28|Article III, Section 28 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 29|Article III, Section 29 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 30|Article III, Section 30 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 31|Article III, Section 31 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 32|Article III, Section 32 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 33|Article III, Section 33 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 34|Article III, Section 34 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 35|Article III, Section 35 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 36|Article III, Section 36 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 37|Article III, Section 37 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 38|Article III, Section 38 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 39|Article III, Section 39 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 40|Article III, Section 40 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 41|Article III, Section 41 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 42|Article III, Section 42 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 43|Article III, Section 43 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 44|Article III, Section 44 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 45|Article III, Section 45 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 46|Article III, Section 46 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 47|Article III, Section 47 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48|Article III, Section 48 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-a|Article III, Section 48-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-b|Article III, Section 48-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-d|Article III, Section 48-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-e|Article III, Section 48-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-f|Article III, Section 48-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49|Article III, Section 49 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-a|Article III, Section 49-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b|Article III, Section 49-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b-1|Article III, Section 49-b-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b-2|Article III, Section 49-b-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b-3|Article III, Section 49-b-3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-c|Article III, Section 49-c of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d|Article III, Section 49-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-1|Article III, Section 49-d-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-2|Article III, Section 49-d-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-3|Article III, Section 49-d-3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-4|Article III, Section 49-d-4 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-5|Article III, Section 49-d-5 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-6|Article III, Section 49-d-6 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-7|Article III, Section 49-d-7 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-8|Article III, Section 49-d-8 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-9|Article III, Section 49-d-9 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-10|Article III, Section 49-d-10 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-11|Article III, Section 49-d-11 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-12|Article III, Section 49-d-12 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-13|Article III, Section 49-d-13 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-14|Article III, Section 49-d-14 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-16|Article III, Section 49-d-16 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-e|Article III, Section 49-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-e-1|Article III, Section 49-e-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-f|Article III, Section 49-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-g|Article III, Section 49-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-h|Article III, Section 49-h of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-i|Article III, Section 49-i of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-j|Article III, Section 49-j of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-k|Article III, Section 49-k of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-l|Article III, Section 49-l of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-m|Article III, Section 49-m of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-n|Article III, Section 49-n of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-o|Article III, Section 49-o of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-p|Article III, Section 49-p of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50|Article III, Section 50 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-a|Article III, Section 50-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b|Article III, Section 50-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-1|Article III, Section 50-b-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-2|Article III, Section 50-b-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-3|Article III, Section 50-b-3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-4|Article III, Section 50-b-4 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-5|Article III, Section 50-b-5 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-6|Article III, Section 50-b-6 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-6A|Article III, Section 50-b-6A of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-7|Article III, Section 50-b-7 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-c|Article III, Section 50-c of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-d|Article III, Section 50-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-e|Article III, Section 50-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-f|Article III, Section 50-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-g|Article III, Section 50-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51|Article III, Section 51 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-a|Article III, Section 51-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-a-1|Article III, Section 51-a-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-a-2|Article III, Section 51-a-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-b|Article III, Section 51-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-b-1|Article III, Section 51-b-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-c|Article III, Section 51-c of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-d|Article III, Section 51-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-e|Article III, Section 51-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-f|Article III, Section 51-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-g|Article III, Section 51-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52|Article III, Section 52 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-a|Article III, Section 52-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-b|Article III, Section 52-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-d|Article III, Section 52-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-e|Article III, Section 52-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-f|Article III, Section 52-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-g|Article III, Section 52-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-h|Article III, Section 52-h of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-i|Article III, Section 52-i of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-j|Article III, Section 52-j of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-k|Article III, Section 52-k of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-l|Article III, Section 52-l of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 53|Article III, Section 53 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 54|Article III, Section 54 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 55|Article III, Section 55 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 56|Article III, Section 56 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 57|Article III, Section 57 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 58|Article III, Section 58 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 59|Article III, Section 59 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 60|Article III, Section 60 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 61|Article III, Section 61 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 61-a|Article III, Section 61-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 62|Article III, Section 62 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 63|Article III, Section 63 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 64|Article III, Section 64 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 65|Article III, Section 65 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 66|Article III, Section 66 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 67|Article III, Section 67 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 68|Article III, Section 68 of the Texas Constitution]]

[[Category:Texas Constitution]]
[[Category:By Steve Smith]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtIII]]
[[Category:WikiSEO Extension]]
{{#seo:
|title=Article III of the Texas Constitution ("Legislative Department")
|keywords=Article 3 Texas Constitution, legislature proceedings, legislature limitations
|description=The official title of Article III is "Legislative Department." It currently has 125 sections.
|locale=en-US
|site_name=TLG (texaslegalguide.com)
|type=article
|section=law
|author=Admin
|published_time=2020-01-15T12:30:30Z
|image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department
}}

Texas Constitution:Article III

2025-11-03T13:42:00Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III of the Texas Constitution}}[[File:mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg|125px|border|right|Article III: Legislative Department]]The official title of Article III is "Legislative Department."

It originally had fifty-eight sections. Ninety-six sections have been added.

Four of the original and twenty-five of the added sections have been repealed.

Sections 50-b-4 and 50-b-5 (''"Additional Student Loans"'') have an official title.

Note that the term "Proceedings" precedes Section 29.

And "Requirements and Limitations" precedes Section 42.

On TLG, each section of the state constitution has its own page:

* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 1|Article III, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 2|Article III, Section 2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 3|Article III, Section 3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 4|Article III, Section 4 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 5|Article III, Section 5 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 6|Article III, Section 6 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 7|Article III, Section 7 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 8|Article III, Section 8 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 9|Article III, Section 9 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 10|Article III, Section 10 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 11|Article III, Section 11 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 12|Article III, Section 12 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 13|Article III, Section 13 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 14|Article III, Section 14 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 15|Article III, Section 15 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 16|Article III, Section 16 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 17|Article III, Section 17 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 18|Article III, Section 18 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 19|Article III, Section 19 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 20|Article III, Section 20 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 21|Article III, Section 21 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 22|Article III, Section 22 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 23|Article III, Section 23 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 23-a|Article III, Section 23-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 24|Article III, Section 24 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 24-a|Article III, Section 24-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 25|Article III, Section 25 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 26|Article III, Section 26 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 26-a|Article III, Section 26-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 27|Article III, Section 27 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 28|Article III, Section 28 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 29|Article III, Section 29 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 30|Article III, Section 30 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 31|Article III, Section 31 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 32|Article III, Section 32 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 33|Article III, Section 33 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 34|Article III, Section 34 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 35|Article III, Section 35 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 36|Article III, Section 36 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 37|Article III, Section 37 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 38|Article III, Section 38 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 39|Article III, Section 39 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 40|Article III, Section 40 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 41|Article III, Section 41 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 42|Article III, Section 42 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 43|Article III, Section 43 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 44|Article III, Section 44 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 45|Article III, Section 45 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 46|Article III, Section 46 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 47|Article III, Section 47 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48|Article III, Section 48 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-a|Article III, Section 48-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-b|Article III, Section 48-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-d|Article III, Section 48-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-e|Article III, Section 48-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-f|Article III, Section 48-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49|Article III, Section 49 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-a|Article III, Section 49-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b|Article III, Section 49-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b-1|Article III, Section 49-b-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b-2|Article III, Section 49-b-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b-3|Article III, Section 49-b-3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-c|Article III, Section 49-c of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d|Article III, Section 49-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-1|Article III, Section 49-d-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-2|Article III, Section 49-d-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-3|Article III, Section 49-d-3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-4|Article III, Section 49-d-4 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-5|Article III, Section 49-d-5 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-6|Article III, Section 49-d-6 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-7|Article III, Section 49-d-7 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-8|Article III, Section 49-d-8 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-9|Article III, Section 49-d-9 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-10|Article III, Section 49-d-10 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-11|Article III, Section 49-d-11 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-12|Article III, Section 49-d-12 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-13|Article III, Section 49-d-13 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-14|Article III, Section 49-d-14 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-16|Article III, Section 49-d-16 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-e|Article III, Section 49-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-e-1|Article III, Section 49-e-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-f|Article III, Section 49-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-g|Article III, Section 49-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-h|Article III, Section 49-h of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-i|Article III, Section 49-i of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-j|Article III, Section 49-j of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-k|Article III, Section 49-k of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-l|Article III, Section 49-l of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-m|Article III, Section 49-m of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-n|Article III, Section 49-n of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-o|Article III, Section 49-o of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-p|Article III, Section 49-p of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50|Article III, Section 50 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-a|Article III, Section 50-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b|Article III, Section 50-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-1|Article III, Section 50-b-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-2|Article III, Section 50-b-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-3|Article III, Section 50-b-3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-4|Article III, Section 50-b-4 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-5|Article III, Section 50-b-5 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-6|Article III, Section 50-b-6 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-6A|Article III, Section 50-b-6A of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-7|Article III, Section 50-b-7 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-c|Article III, Section 50-c of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-d|Article III, Section 50-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-e|Article III, Section 50-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-f|Article III, Section 50-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-g|Article III, Section 50-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51|Article III, Section 51 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-a|Article III, Section 51-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-a-1|Article III, Section 51-a-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-a-2|Article III, Section 51-a-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-b|Article III, Section 51-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-b-1|Article III, Section 51-b-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-c|Article III, Section 51-c of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-d|Article III, Section 51-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-e|Article III, Section 51-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-f|Article III, Section 51-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-g|Article III, Section 51-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52|Article III, Section 52 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-a|Article III, Section 52-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-b|Article III, Section 52-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-d|Article III, Section 52-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-e|Article III, Section 52-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-f|Article III, Section 52-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-g|Article III, Section 52-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-h|Article III, Section 52-h of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-i|Article III, Section 52-i of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-j|Article III, Section 52-j of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-k|Article III, Section 52-k of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-l|Article III, Section 52-l of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 53|Article III, Section 53 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 54|Article III, Section 54 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 55|Article III, Section 55 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 56|Article III, Section 56 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 57|Article III, Section 57 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 58|Article III, Section 58 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 59|Article III, Section 59 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 60|Article III, Section 60 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 61|Article III, Section 61 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 61-a|Article III, Section 61-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 62|Article III, Section 62 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 63|Article III, Section 63 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 64|Article III, Section 64 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 65|Article III, Section 65 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 66|Article III, Section 66 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 67|Article III, Section 67 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 68|Article III, Section 68 of the Texas Constitution]]

[[Category:Texas Constitution]]
[[Category:By Steve Smith]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtIII]]
[[Category:WikiSEO Extension]]
{{#seo:
|title=Article III of the Texas Constitution ("Legislative Department")
|keywords=Article 3 Texas Constitution, legislature proceedings, legislature limitations
|description=The official title of Article III is "Legislative Department." It currently has 124 sections.
|locale=en-US
|site_name=TLG (texaslegalguide.com)
|type=article
|section=law
|author=Admin
|published_time=2020-01-15T12:30:30Z
|image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department
}}

Texas Constitution:Article III

2025-11-03T13:37:55Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III of the Texas Constitution}}[[File:mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg|125px|border|right|Article III: Legislative Department]]The official title of Article III is "Legislative Department."

It originally had fifty-eight sections. Ninety-six sections have been added.

Four of the original and twenty-five of the added sections have been repealed.

Sections 50-b-4 and 50-b-5 (''"Additional Student Loans"'') have an official title.

Note that the term "Proceedings" precedes Section 29.

And "Requirements and Limitations" precedes Section 42.

On TLG, each section of the state constitution has its own page:

* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 1|Article III, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 2|Article III, Section 2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 3|Article III, Section 3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 4|Article III, Section 4 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 5|Article III, Section 5 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 6|Article III, Section 6 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 7|Article III, Section 7 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 8|Article III, Section 8 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 9|Article III, Section 9 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 10|Article III, Section 10 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 11|Article III, Section 11 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 12|Article III, Section 12 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 13|Article III, Section 13 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 14|Article III, Section 14 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 15|Article III, Section 15 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 16|Article III, Section 16 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 17|Article III, Section 17 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 18|Article III, Section 18 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 19|Article III, Section 19 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 20|Article III, Section 20 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 21|Article III, Section 21 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 22|Article III, Section 22 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 23|Article III, Section 23 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 23-a|Article III, Section 23-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 24|Article III, Section 24 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 24-a|Article III, Section 24-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 25|Article III, Section 25 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 26|Article III, Section 26 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 26-a|Article III, Section 26-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 27|Article III, Section 27 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 28|Article III, Section 28 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 29|Article III, Section 29 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 30|Article III, Section 30 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 31|Article III, Section 31 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 32|Article III, Section 32 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 33|Article III, Section 33 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 34|Article III, Section 34 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 35|Article III, Section 35 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 36|Article III, Section 36 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 37|Article III, Section 37 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 38|Article III, Section 38 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 39|Article III, Section 39 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 40|Article III, Section 40 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 41|Article III, Section 41 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 42|Article III, Section 42 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 43|Article III, Section 43 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 44|Article III, Section 44 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 45|Article III, Section 45 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 46|Article III, Section 46 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 47|Article III, Section 47 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48|Article III, Section 48 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-a|Article III, Section 48-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-b|Article III, Section 48-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-d|Article III, Section 48-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-e|Article III, Section 48-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-f|Article III, Section 48-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49|Article III, Section 49 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-a|Article III, Section 49-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b|Article III, Section 49-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b-1|Article III, Section 49-b-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b-2|Article III, Section 49-b-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b-3|Article III, Section 49-b-3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-c|Article III, Section 49-c of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d|Article III, Section 49-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-1|Article III, Section 49-d-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-2|Article III, Section 49-d-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-3|Article III, Section 49-d-3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-4|Article III, Section 49-d-4 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-5|Article III, Section 49-d-5 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-6|Article III, Section 49-d-6 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-7|Article III, Section 49-d-7 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-8|Article III, Section 49-d-8 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-9|Article III, Section 49-d-9 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-10|Article III, Section 49-d-10 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-11|Article III, Section 49-d-11 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-12|Article III, Section 49-d-12 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-13|Article III, Section 49-d-13 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-14|Article III, Section 49-d-14 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-16|Article III, Section 49-d-16 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-e|Article III, Section 49-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-e-1|Article III, Section 49-e-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-f|Article III, Section 49-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-g|Article III, Section 49-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-h|Article III, Section 49-h of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-i|Article III, Section 49-i of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-j|Article III, Section 49-j of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-k|Article III, Section 49-k of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-l|Article III, Section 49-l of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-m|Article III, Section 49-m of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-n|Article III, Section 49-n of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-o|Article III, Section 49-o of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-p|Article III, Section 49-p of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50|Article III, Section 50 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-a|Article III, Section 50-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b|Article III, Section 50-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-1|Article III, Section 50-b-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-2|Article III, Section 50-b-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-3|Article III, Section 50-b-3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-4|Article III, Section 50-b-4 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-5|Article III, Section 50-b-5 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-6|Article III, Section 50-b-6 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-6A|Article III, Section 50-b-6A of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-7|Article III, Section 50-b-7 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-c|Article III, Section 50-c of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-d|Article III, Section 50-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-e|Article III, Section 50-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-f|Article III, Section 50-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-g|Article III, Section 50-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51|Article III, Section 51 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-a|Article III, Section 51-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-a-1|Article III, Section 51-a-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-a-2|Article III, Section 51-a-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-b|Article III, Section 51-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-b-1|Article III, Section 51-b-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-c|Article III, Section 51-c of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-d|Article III, Section 51-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-e|Article III, Section 51-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-f|Article III, Section 51-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-g|Article III, Section 51-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52|Article III, Section 52 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-a|Article III, Section 52-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-b|Article III, Section 52-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-d|Article III, Section 52-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-e|Article III, Section 52-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-f|Article III, Section 52-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-g|Article III, Section 52-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-h|Article III, Section 52-h of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-i|Article III, Section 52-i of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-j|Article III, Section 52-j of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-k|Article III, Section 52-k of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-l|Article III, Section 52-l of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 53|Article III, Section 53 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 54|Article III, Section 54 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 55|Article III, Section 55 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 56|Article III, Section 56 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 57|Article III, Section 57 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 58|Article III, Section 58 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 59|Article III, Section 59 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 60|Article III, Section 60 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 61|Article III, Section 61 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 61-a|Article III, Section 61-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 62|Article III, Section 62 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 63|Article III, Section 63 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 64|Article III, Section 64 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 65|Article III, Section 65 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 66|Article III, Section 66 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 67|Article III, Section 67 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 68|Article III, Section 68 of the Texas Constitution]]

[[Category:Texas Constitution]]
[[Category:By Steve Smith]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtIII]]
[[Category:WikiSEO Extension]]
{{#seo:
|title=Article III of the Texas Constitution ("Legislative Department")
|keywords=Article 3 Texas Constitution, legislature proceedings, legislature limitations
|description=The official title of Article III is "Legislative Department." It currently has 124 sections.
|locale=en-US
|site_name=TLG (texaslegalguide.com)
|type=article
|section=law
|author=Admin
|published_time=2018-01-15T12:30:30Z
|image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department
}}

Texas Constitution talk:Article V

2025-11-02T20:01:06Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{PAGENAME}} of the Texas Constitution–discussion page}}__NOTOC__This page is available for comment and discussion regarding the page ''{{PAGENAME}} of the Texas Constitution''.

==uncon !!!==

''Shipley v. Harris County Democratic Executive Comm.'', 795 S.W.2d 766, ??? (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, orig. proceeding) (O'Connor dissenting) https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8290059364776106008

TSC https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6961250803558519300

==review==

Jones v. Alexander 59 S.W.2d 1080 (Tex. 1933)

stone v brown 54 tex 330 re 1881 arb commission

Dabney, Judicial Reconstruction (Draft of a Revision of Art. V of the Constitution of Texas) (1928) 6 TEXAS LAw REVIEw 302

The complete Proposed Amendment is printed in (1946) 9 TEX. BAR . 347-354. According to a note, p. 351, the proposal has not been endorsed by the State Bar of Texas or any official agency thereof and it is not contemplated that it will come before the Directors of the State Bar this year for any official action. The plan also appears in the Council's Eighteenth Annual Report to the Governor and the Supreme Court (1946) 50-59.

103 Tex. L. Rev. 227 (2024-2025) Standing in Texas: Exploring Standing under the Original Meaning of the Texas Constitution

https://texaslawreview.org/standing-in-texas-exploring-standing-under-the-original-meaning-of-the-texas-constitution/

==add==

TSC 24-0426 IN RE DALLAS COUNTY

TSC 23-0192

TSC 24-0573

Texas Constitution talk:Article V

2025-11-02T19:57:05Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{PAGENAME}} of the Texas Constitution–discussion page}}__NOTOC__This page is available for comment and discussion regarding the page ''{{PAGENAME}} of the Texas Constitution''.

==uncon !!!==

''Shipley v. Harris County Democratic Executive Comm.'', 795 S.W.2d 766, ??? (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, orig. proceeding) (O'Connor dissenting) https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8290059364776106008&q=795+S.W.2d+766

==review==

Jones v. Alexander 59 S.W.2d 1080 (Tex. 1933)

stone v brown 54 tex 330 re 1881 arb commission

Dabney, Judicial Reconstruction (Draft of a Revision of Art. V of the Constitution of Texas) (1928) 6 TEXAS LAw REVIEw 302

The complete Proposed Amendment is printed in (1946) 9 TEX. BAR . 347-354. According to a note, p. 351, the proposal has not been endorsed by the State Bar of Texas or any official agency thereof and it is not contemplated that it will come before the Directors of the State Bar this year for any official action. The plan also appears in the Council's Eighteenth Annual Report to the Governor and the Supreme Court (1946) 50-59.

103 Tex. L. Rev. 227 (2024-2025) Standing in Texas: Exploring Standing under the Original Meaning of the Texas Constitution

https://texaslawreview.org/standing-in-texas-exploring-standing-under-the-original-meaning-of-the-texas-constitution/

==add==

TSC 24-0426 IN RE DALLAS COUNTY

TSC 23-0192

TSC 24-0573

Texas Constitution talk:Article V

2025-11-02T19:56:40Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{PAGENAME}} of the Texas Constitution–discussion page}}__NOTOC__This page is available for comment and discussion regarding the page ''{{PAGENAME}} of the Texas Constitution''.

==uncon !!!==

''Shipley v. Harris County Democratic Executive Comm.'', 795 S.W.2d 766, ??? (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, orig. proceeding) (O'Connor dissenting) https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8290059364776106008&q=795+S.W.2d+766&hl=en&as_sdt=4,44

==review==

Jones v. Alexander 59 S.W.2d 1080 (Tex. 1933)

stone v brown 54 tex 330 re 1881 arb commission

Dabney, Judicial Reconstruction (Draft of a Revision of Art. V of the Constitution of Texas) (1928) 6 TEXAS LAw REVIEw 302

The complete Proposed Amendment is printed in (1946) 9 TEX. BAR . 347-354. According to a note, p. 351, the proposal has not been endorsed by the State Bar of Texas or any official agency thereof and it is not contemplated that it will come before the Directors of the State Bar this year for any official action. The plan also appears in the Council's Eighteenth Annual Report to the Governor and the Supreme Court (1946) 50-59.

103 Tex. L. Rev. 227 (2024-2025) Standing in Texas: Exploring Standing under the Original Meaning of the Texas Constitution

https://texaslawreview.org/standing-in-texas-exploring-standing-under-the-original-meaning-of-the-texas-constitution/

==add==

TSC 24-0426 IN RE DALLAS COUNTY

TSC 23-0192

TSC 24-0573

Texas Constitution talk:Article V

2025-11-02T19:54:45Z

Admin: /* uncon !!! */ new section

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{PAGENAME}} of the Texas Constitution–discussion page}}__NOTOC__This page is available for comment and discussion regarding the page ''{{PAGENAME}} of the Texas Constitution''.

==review==

Jones v. Alexander 59 S.W.2d 1080 (Tex. 1933)

stone v brown 54 tex 330 re 1881 arb commission

Dabney, Judicial Reconstruction (Draft of a Revision of Art. V of the Constitution of Texas) (1928) 6 TEXAS LAw REVIEw 302

The complete Proposed Amendment is printed in (1946) 9 TEX. BAR . 347-354. According to a note, p. 351, the proposal has not been endorsed by the State Bar of Texas or any official agency thereof and it is not contemplated that it will come before the Directors of the State Bar this year for any official action. The plan also appears in the Council's Eighteenth Annual Report to the Governor and the Supreme Court (1946) 50-59.

103 Tex. L. Rev. 227 (2024-2025) Standing in Texas: Exploring Standing under the Original Meaning of the Texas Constitution

https://texaslawreview.org/standing-in-texas-exploring-standing-under-the-original-meaning-of-the-texas-constitution/

==add==

TSC 24-0426 IN RE DALLAS COUNTY

TSC 23-0192

TSC 24-0573

== uncon !!! ==

Shipley v. Harris County Democratic Executive Comm., 795 S.W.2d 766, 768 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, orig. proceeding) (O'Connor dissenting)

Texas Constitution:Article VI, Section 2

2025-11-02T17:08:42Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article VI, Section 2 of the Texas Constitution}}{{Template:Texas Constitution|text=As amended November 6, 2001:

'''(a) Every person subject to none of the disqualifications provided by Section [[Texas Constitution:Article VI, Section 1|1]] of this article or by a law enacted under that section who is a citizen of the United States and who is a resident of this State shall be deemed a qualified voter; provided, however, that before offering to vote at an election a voter shall have registered, but such requirement for registration shall not be considered a qualification of a voter within the meaning of the term "qualified voter" as used in any other Article of this Constitution in respect to any matter except qualification and eligibility to vote at an election.'''

'''(b) The Legislature may authorize absentee voting.'''

'''(c) The privilege of free suffrage shall be protected by laws regulating elections and prohibiting under adequate penalties all undue influence in elections from power, bribery, tumult, or other improper practice.'''

|editor=

As adopted in 1876, this section read: "Every male person subject to none of the foregoing disqualifications, who shall have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall be a citizen of the United States, and who shall have resided in this State one year next preceding an election, and the last six months within the district or county in which he offers to vote, shall be deemed a qualified elector; and every male person of foreign birth, subject to none of the foregoing disqualifications, who, at any time before an election, shall have declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, in accordance with the federal naturalization laws, and shall have resided in this State one year next preceding such election, and the last six months in the county in which he offers to vote, shall also be deemed a qualified elector; and all electors shall vote in the election precinct of their residence; ''provided'', that electors living in any unorganized county, may vote at any election precinct in the county to which such county is attached, for judicial purposes."

In 1876, no provision in the state constitution connected the poll tax to voting. In 1902, this section was amended to make payment of the poll tax a prerequisite for voting. In 1966, the requirement was removed.

|other=

None.

|recent=

None.

|historic=

* ''Mills v. Bartlett'', 377 S.W.2d 636, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12119046495831052383#p637 637-38] (Tex. 1964) ("In ''Linger v. Balfour'', Tex.Civ.App., 149 S.W. 795, no writ history, the question was raised as to whether Atkinson, a single man, had resided in Oldham County for the last preceding six months preceding the election so as to qualify him as a voter. He was a native of Milam County and a student. During vacation time he came to Vega and declared his intention of becoming a resident of that community. . . . At the time of the general election he returned to Vega for the purpose of voting. The Court of Civil Appeals went so far as to hold that even under those circumstances he was a resident of Oldham County and qualified to vote.")

* ''Koy v. Schneider'', 218 S.W. 479, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/218_SW_479.pdf#page=5 483] (Tex. 1920) ("We do not regard the proceedings of the constitutional convention relative to woman suffrage as bearing on the right of women to participate in primaries under an act of the Legislature. Such proceedings related only to the participation of women in governmental elections and not to their participation in the acts of any nongovernmental, voluntary groups of citizens, clothed with no ultimate power to fill constitutional or other offices, to amend Constitutions, or to impose tax burdens. . . . We answer, 'No,' to the certified question, having determined that there is no conflict between the legislative act and section 2 of article 6 of the Constitution.")

* ''Waples v. Marrast'', 184 S.W. 180, 183 (Tex. 1916) ("A political party is nothing more or less than a body of men associated for purpose of . . . . The purpose of their primary elections is merely to enable them to furnish their nominees as candidates for the popular suffrage. In the interest of fair methods and a fair expression by their members of their preference in the selection of their nominees, the State may regulate such elections by proper laws, as it has done in our general primary law, and as it was competent for the Legislature to do by a proper act of the character of the one here under review. But the payment of the expenses of purely party elections is a different matter.")

}}

[[Category:Election Law]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtVI Sec]]

Texas Constitution:Article VI, Section 2

2025-11-02T17:08:11Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article VI, Section 2 of the Texas Constitution}}{{Template:Texas Constitution|text=As amended November 6, 2001:

'''(a) Every person subject to none of the disqualifications provided by Section [[Texas Constitution:Article VI, Section 1|1]] of this article or by a law enacted under that section who is a citizen of the United States and who is a resident of this State shall be deemed a qualified voter; provided, however, that before offering to vote at an election a voter shall have registered, but such requirement for registration shall not be considered a qualification of a voter within the meaning of the term "qualified voter" as used in any other Article of this Constitution in respect to any matter except qualification and eligibility to vote at an election.'''

'''(b) The Legislature may authorize absentee voting.'''

'''(c) The privilege of free suffrage shall be protected by laws regulating elections and prohibiting under adequate penalties all undue influence in elections from power, bribery, tumult, or other improper practice.'''

|editor=

As adopted in 1876, this section read: "Every male person subject to none of the foregoing disqualifications, who shall have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall be a citizen of the United States, and who shall have resided in this State one year next preceding an election, and the last six months within the district or county in which he offers to vote, shall be deemed a qualified elector; and every male person of foreign birth, subject to none of the foregoing disqualifications, who, at any time before an election, shall have declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, in accordance with the federal naturalization laws, and shall have resided in this State one year next preceding such election, and the last six months in the county in which he offers to vote, shall also be deemed a qualified elector; and all electors shall vote in the election precinct of their residence; ''provided'', that electors living in any unorganized county, may vote at any election precinct in the county to which such county is attached, for judicial purposes."

In 1876, no provision in the state constitution connected the poll tax to voting. In 1902, this section was amended to make payment of the poll tax a prerequisite for voting. In 1966, the requirement was removed.

|other=

None.

|recent=

None.

|historic=

* ''Mills v. Bartlett'', 377 S.W.2d 636, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12119046495831052383#p637 637-38] (Tex. 1964) ("In ''Linger v. Balfour'', Tex.Civ.App., 149 S.W. 795, no writ history, the question was raised as to whether Atkinson, a single man, had resided in Oldham County for the last preceding six months preceding the election so as to qualify him as a voter. He was a native of Milam County and a student. During vacation time he came to Vega and declared his intention of becoming a resident of that community. . . . At the time of the general election he returned to Vega for the purpose of voting. The Court of Civil Appeals went so far as to hold that even under those circumstances he was a resident of Oldham County and qualified to vote.")

* ''Koy v. Schneider'', 218 S.W. 479, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/218_SW_479.pdf#page=4 483] (Tex. 1920) ("We do not regard the proceedings of the constitutional convention relative to woman suffrage as bearing on the right of women to participate in primaries under an act of the Legislature. Such proceedings related only to the participation of women in governmental elections and not to their participation in the acts of any nongovernmental, voluntary groups of citizens, clothed with no ultimate power to fill constitutional or other offices, to amend Constitutions, or to impose tax burdens. . . . We answer, 'No,' to the certified question, having determined that there is no conflict between the legislative act and section 2 of article 6 of the Constitution.")

* ''Waples v. Marrast'', 184 S.W. 180, 183 (Tex. 1916) ("A political party is nothing more or less than a body of men associated for purpose of . . . . The purpose of their primary elections is merely to enable them to furnish their nominees as candidates for the popular suffrage. In the interest of fair methods and a fair expression by their members of their preference in the selection of their nominees, the State may regulate such elections by proper laws, as it has done in our general primary law, and as it was competent for the Legislature to do by a proper act of the character of the one here under review. But the payment of the expenses of purely party elections is a different matter.")

}}

[[Category:Election Law]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtVI Sec]]

Texas Constitution talk:Article VI, Section 2

2025-11-02T17:07:28Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{PAGENAME}} of the Texas Constitution (discussion page)}}Texas Legal Guide (texaslegalguide.com) is currently under construction.

This page is available for comment and discussion regarding the page ''{{PAGENAME}} of the Texas Constitution''.

==review==

123 sw2d 531

Sterling v. Ferguson, 53 SW 2d 753 (Tex. 1932)

==women vote==

https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth12597/m1/1325/

Texas Constitution:Article VI, Section 2

2025-11-02T17:07:16Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article VI, Section 2 of the Texas Constitution}}{{Template:Texas Constitution|text=As amended November 6, 2001:

'''(a) Every person subject to none of the disqualifications provided by Section [[Texas Constitution:Article VI, Section 1|1]] of this article or by a law enacted under that section who is a citizen of the United States and who is a resident of this State shall be deemed a qualified voter; provided, however, that before offering to vote at an election a voter shall have registered, but such requirement for registration shall not be considered a qualification of a voter within the meaning of the term "qualified voter" as used in any other Article of this Constitution in respect to any matter except qualification and eligibility to vote at an election.'''

'''(b) The Legislature may authorize absentee voting.'''

'''(c) The privilege of free suffrage shall be protected by laws regulating elections and prohibiting under adequate penalties all undue influence in elections from power, bribery, tumult, or other improper practice.'''

|editor=

As adopted in 1876, this section read: "Every male person subject to none of the foregoing disqualifications, who shall have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall be a citizen of the United States, and who shall have resided in this State one year next preceding an election, and the last six months within the district or county in which he offers to vote, shall be deemed a qualified elector; and every male person of foreign birth, subject to none of the foregoing disqualifications, who, at any time before an election, shall have declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, in accordance with the federal naturalization laws, and shall have resided in this State one year next preceding such election, and the last six months in the county in which he offers to vote, shall also be deemed a qualified elector; and all electors shall vote in the election precinct of their residence; ''provided'', that electors living in any unorganized county, may vote at any election precinct in the county to which such county is attached, for judicial purposes."

In 1876, no provision in the state constitution connected the poll tax to voting. In 1902, this section was amended to make payment of the poll tax a prerequisite for voting. In 1966, the requirement was removed.

|other=

None.

|recent=

None.

|historic=

* ''Mills v. Bartlett'', 377 S.W.2d 636, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12119046495831052383#p637 637-38] (Tex. 1964) ("In ''Linger v. Balfour'', Tex.Civ.App., 149 S.W. 795, no writ history, the question was raised as to whether Atkinson, a single man, had resided in Oldham County for the last preceding six months preceding the election so as to qualify him as a voter. He was a native of Milam County and a student. During vacation time he came to Vega and declared his intention of becoming a resident of that community. . . . At the time of the general election he returned to Vega for the purpose of voting. The Court of Civil Appeals went so far as to hold that even under those circumstances he was a resident of Oldham County and qualified to vote.")

* ''Koy v. Schneider'', 218 S.W. 479, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/281_SW_479.pdf#page=4 483] (Tex. 1920) ("We do not regard the proceedings of the constitutional convention relative to woman suffrage as bearing on the right of women to participate in primaries under an act of the Legislature. Such proceedings related only to the participation of women in governmental elections and not to their participation in the acts of any nongovernmental, voluntary groups of citizens, clothed with no ultimate power to fill constitutional or other offices, to amend Constitutions, or to impose tax burdens. . . . We answer, 'No,' to the certified question, having determined that there is no conflict between the legislative act and section 2 of article 6 of the Constitution.")

* ''Waples v. Marrast'', 184 S.W. 180, 183 (Tex. 1916) ("A political party is nothing more or less than a body of men associated for purpose of . . . . The purpose of their primary elections is merely to enable them to furnish their nominees as candidates for the popular suffrage. In the interest of fair methods and a fair expression by their members of their preference in the selection of their nominees, the State may regulate such elections by proper laws, as it has done in our general primary law, and as it was competent for the Legislature to do by a proper act of the character of the one here under review. But the payment of the expenses of purely party elections is a different matter.")

}}

[[Category:Election Law]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtVI Sec]]

File:218 SW 479.pdf

2025-11-02T17:06:41Z

Admin:

==File content==

''Koy v. Schneider'', 218 S.W. 479 (Tex. 1920)

==File copyright==

Published before 1928, the decision is in the public domain.

File:218 SW 479.pdf

2025-11-02T17:05:24Z

Admin:

==File content==

''Stockwell v. State'', 221 S.W. 932 (Tex. 1920)

==File copyright==

Published before 1928, the decision is in the public domain.

File:218 SW 479.pdf

2025-11-02T17:05:05Z

Admin:

Texas Constitution talk:Article VI, Section 2

2025-11-02T16:39:20Z

Admin: /* fix */ new section

Texas Constitution:Article VI, Section 2

2025-11-02T16:38:10Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article VI, Section 2 of the Texas Constitution}}{{Template:Texas Constitution|text=As amended November 6, 2001:

'''(a) Every person subject to none of the disqualifications provided by Section [[Texas Constitution:Article VI, Section 1|1]] of this article or by a law enacted under that section who is a citizen of the United States and who is a resident of this State shall be deemed a qualified voter; provided, however, that before offering to vote at an election a voter shall have registered, but such requirement for registration shall not be considered a qualification of a voter within the meaning of the term "qualified voter" as used in any other Article of this Constitution in respect to any matter except qualification and eligibility to vote at an election.'''

'''(b) The Legislature may authorize absentee voting.'''

'''(c) The privilege of free suffrage shall be protected by laws regulating elections and prohibiting under adequate penalties all undue influence in elections from power, bribery, tumult, or other improper practice.'''

|editor=

As adopted in 1876, this section read: "Every male person subject to none of the foregoing disqualifications, who shall have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall be a citizen of the United States, and who shall have resided in this State one year next preceding an election, and the last six months within the district or county in which he offers to vote, shall be deemed a qualified elector; and every male person of foreign birth, subject to none of the foregoing disqualifications, who, at any time before an election, shall have declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, in accordance with the federal naturalization laws, and shall have resided in this State one year next preceding such election, and the last six months in the county in which he offers to vote, shall also be deemed a qualified elector; and all electors shall vote in the election precinct of their residence; ''provided'', that electors living in any unorganized county, may vote at any election precinct in the county to which such county is attached, for judicial purposes."

In 1876, no provision in the state constitution connected the poll tax to voting. In 1902, this section was amended to make payment of the poll tax a prerequisite for voting. In 1966, the requirement was removed.

|other=

None.

|recent=

None.

|historic=

* ''Mills v. Bartlett'', 377 S.W.2d 636, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12119046495831052383#p637 637-38] (Tex. 1964) ("In ''Linger v. Balfour'', Tex.Civ.App., 149 S.W. 795, no writ history, the question was raised as to whether Atkinson, a single man, had resided in Oldham County for the last preceding six months preceding the election so as to qualify him as a voter. He was a native of Milam County and a student. During vacation time he came to Vega and declared his intention of becoming a resident of that community. . . . At the time of the general election he returned to Vega for the purpose of voting. The Court of Civil Appeals went so far as to hold that even under those circumstances he was a resident of Oldham County and qualified to vote.")

* ''Koy v. Schneider'', 218 S.W. 479, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/221_SW_880.pdf#page=? 483] (Tex. 1920) ("We do not regard the proceedings of the constitutional convention relative to woman suffrage as bearing on the right of women to participate in primaries under an act of the Legislature. Such proceedings related only to the participation of women in governmental elections and not to their participation in the acts of any nongovernmental, voluntary groups of citizens, clothed with no ultimate power to fill constitutional or other offices, to amend Constitutions, or to impose tax burdens. . . . We answer, 'No,' to the certified question, having determined that there is no conflict between the legislative act and section 2 of article 6 of the Constitution.")

* ''Waples v. Marrast'', 184 S.W. 180, 183 (Tex. 1916) ("A political party is nothing more or less than a body of men associated for purpose of . . . . The purpose of their primary elections is merely to enable them to furnish their nominees as candidates for the popular suffrage. In the interest of fair methods and a fair expression by their members of their preference in the selection of their nominees, the State may regulate such elections by proper laws, as it has done in our general primary law, and as it was competent for the Legislature to do by a proper act of the character of the one here under review. But the payment of the expenses of purely party elections is a different matter.")

}}

[[Category:Election Law]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtVI Sec]]

Texas Constitution talk:Article VI, Section 2

2025-11-02T16:36:25Z

Admin:

Texas Constitution:Article VI, Section 2

2025-11-02T16:35:42Z

Admin:

Texas Constitution:Article VI, Section 2

2025-11-02T16:35:26Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article VI, Section 2 of the Texas Constitution}}{{Template:Texas Constitution|text=As amended November 6, 2001:

'''(a) Every person subject to none of the disqualifications provided by Section [[Texas Constitution:Article VI, Section 1|1]] of this article or by a law enacted under that section who is a citizen of the United States and who is a resident of this State shall be deemed a qualified voter; provided, however, that before offering to vote at an election a voter shall have registered, but such requirement for registration shall not be considered a qualification of a voter within the meaning of the term "qualified voter" as used in any other Article of this Constitution in respect to any matter except qualification and eligibility to vote at an election.'''

'''(b) The Legislature may authorize absentee voting.'''

'''(c) The privilege of free suffrage shall be protected by laws regulating elections and prohibiting under adequate penalties all undue influence in elections from power, bribery, tumult, or other improper practice.'''

|editor=

As adopted in 1876, this section read: "Every male person subject to none of the foregoing disqualifications, who shall have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall be a citizen of the United States, and who shall have resided in this State one year next preceding an election, and the last six months within the district or county in which he offers to vote, shall be deemed a qualified elector; and every male person of foreign birth, subject to none of the foregoing disqualifications, who, at any time before an election, shall have declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, in accordance with the federal naturalization laws, and shall have resided in this State one year next preceding such election, and the last six months in the county in which he offers to vote, shall also be deemed a qualified elector; and all electors shall vote in the election precinct of their residence; ''provided'', that electors living in any unorganized county, may vote at any election precinct in the county to which such county is attached, for judicial purposes."

In 1876, no provision in the state constitution connected the poll tax to voting. In 1902, this section was amended to make payment of the poll tax a prerequisite for voting. In 1966, the requirement was removed.

|other=

None.

|recent=

None.

|historic=

* ''Mills v. Bartlett'', 377 S.W.2d 636, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12119046495831052383#p637 637-38] (Tex. 1964) ("In ''Linger v. Balfour'', Tex.Civ.App., 149 S.W. 795, no writ history, the question was raised as to whether Atkinson, a single man, had resided in Oldham County for the last preceding six months preceding the election so as to qualify him as a voter. He was a native of Milam County and a student. During vacation time he came to Vega and declared his intention of becoming a resident of that community. . . . At the time of the general election he returned to Vega for the purpose of voting. The Court of Civil Appeals went so far as to hold that even under those circumstances he was a resident of Oldham County and qualified to vote.")

* ''Koy v. Schneider'', 218 S.W. 479, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/218_SW_479.pdf#page=5 483 (Tex. 1920) ("We do not regard the proceedings of the constitutional convention relative to woman suffrage as bearing on the right of women to participate in primaries under an act of the Legislature. Such proceedings related only to the participation of women in governmental elections and not to their participation in the acts of any nongovernmental, voluntary groups of citizens, clothed with no ultimate power to fill constitutional or other offices, to amend Constitutions, or to impose tax burdens. . . . We answer, 'No,' to the certified question, having determined that there is no conflict between the legislative act and section 2 of article 6 of the Constitution.")

* ''Waples v. Marrast'', 184 S.W. 180, 183 (Tex. 1916) ("A political party is nothing more or less than a body of men associated for purpose of . . . . The purpose of their primary elections is merely to enable them to furnish their nominees as candidates for the popular suffrage. In the interest of fair methods and a fair expression by their members of their preference in the selection of their nominees, the State may regulate such elections by proper laws, as it has done in our general primary law, and as it was competent for the Legislature to do by a proper act of the character of the one here under review. But the payment of the expenses of purely party elections is a different matter.")

}}

[[Category:Election Law]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtVI Sec]]

File:221 SW 880.pdf

2025-11-02T15:56:44Z

Admin:

==File content==

''Koy v. Schneider'', 218 S.W. 479 (Tex. 1920)

==File copyright==

Published before 1928, the decision is in the public domain.

File:221 SW 880.pdf

2025-11-02T15:54:44Z

Admin:

==File content==

''Stockwell v. State'', 221 S.W. 932 (Tex. 1920)

==File copyright==

Published before 1928, the decision is in the public domain.

File:221 SW 880.pdf

2025-11-02T15:54:29Z

Admin:

Texas Constitution talk:Article VI, Section 2

2025-11-02T15:52:38Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{PAGENAME}} of the Texas Constitution (discussion page)}}Texas Legal Guide (texaslegalguide.com) is currently under construction.

This page is available for comment and discussion regarding the page ''{{PAGENAME}} of the Texas Constitution''.

== review ==

123 sw2d 531

Sterling v. Ferguson, 53 SW 2d 753 (Tex. 1932)

== women vote ==

https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth12597/m1/1325/

==Koy==

is uploaded ...

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 1

2025-11-01T23:39:16Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution (''"Senate and House of Representatives"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=Adopted February 15, 1876:

'''The Legislative [sic] power of this State shall be vested in a Senate and House of Representatives, which together shall be styled "The Legislature of the State of Texas."'''

|editor=

This fundamental section creates the Texas Legislature and vests in it the legislative power of the state.

However, the power granted by the section is subject to more specific provisions of the state constitution.

For example, the Governor is granted the veto, a significant legislative power, by Article IV, Section [[Texas Constitution:Article IV, Section 14|14]].

Note that in 1914 voters narrowly rejected a constitutional amendment providing initiative and referendum.

|recent=

* ''Graphic Packaging Corp. v. Hegar'', 538 S.W.3d 89, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13941570117140877029#p104 104] (Tex. 2017) (citations omitted) ("The power to enact our state laws together with the power to amend or repeal existing state law is vested in the Texas Legislature. The Legislature's power to amend or repeal an earlier statute is generally limited only by federal or state constitutional provisions or federal law. Moreover, as a general rule, one 'legislature cannot prevent future legislatures from amending or repealing a statute.' . . . But, because of the severe consequence that may ensue when an earlier legislature contractually binds future legislatures, contractual intent must be unmistakable.")

* ''State v. Rhine'', 297 S.W.3d 301, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2378059465993094828#p327 327-28] (Tex.Crim.App. 2009) (Keller, concurring) ("From this discussion, I conclude that a delegation of authority to an administrative agency is constitutionally permissible under the separation-of-powers provision of the Texas Constitution if the following four conditions are met: (1) the delegation can, at least by implication, be characterized as the delegation of authority to make a factual determination relevant to the purpose of the statute, rather than simply a policy decision . . . and (4) post-adoption judicial review is available to ensure that the agency rule or other action does in fact comply with the legislative standards.")

* ''BIC Pen Corp. v. Carter'', 251 S.W.3d 500, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8808518267344329947#p504 504] (Tex. 2008) (citations omitted) ("First, '[a] federal law may expressly preempt state law.' Second, 'federal law or regulations may impliedly preempt state law or regulations if the statute's scope indicates that Congress intended federal law or regulations to occupy the field exclusively.' Finally, state law is impliedly preempted if it 'actually conflicts with federal law or regulations,' because '(1) it is impossible for a private party to comply with both state and federal requirements; or (2) state law obstructs accomplishing and executing Congress' full purposes and objectives.'")

* ''FM Properties Operating Co. v. City of Austin'', 22 S.W.3d 868, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3213765366956308727#p873 873] (Tex. 2000) (citations omitted) ("Because this definition of delegation sweeps so broadly, it is not surprising that 'the debate over unconstitutional delegation becomes a debate not over a point of principle but over a question of degree.' Although the Constitution vests legislative power in the Legislature, courts have recognized that in a complex society like ours, delegation of legislative power is both necessary and proper in certain circumstances. Thus, the Legislature may delegate legislative power to local governments, administrative agencies, and even private entities under certain conditions.")

* ''Proctor v. Andrews'', 972 S.W.2d 729, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5923105601757985422#p733 733] (Tex. 1998) ("Article III, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution vests in the Legislature the power to make laws. . . . As such, Article II and Article III both apply when the constitutionality of the Legislature's delegation of power to another branch of state government, such as an administrative agency, is challenged. Article II is not relevant, however, to a legislative delegation of authority to an entity that is not a part of state government. Therefore, the proper constitutional source for a prohibition of delegations to private entities or another government's entities is Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution.")

* ''Texas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation v. Lewellen'', 952 S.W.2d 454, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14712011369692053572#p466 466] (Tex. 1997) (citation omitted) ("Likewise, in our State '[t]he power to pass laws rests with the Legislature, and that power cannot be delegated to some commission or other tribunal.' Yet, like many truisms, these blanket pronouncements should not be read too literally. Even in a simple society, a legislative body would be hard put to contend with every detail involved in carrying out its laws; in a complex society it is absolutely impossible . . . . Such power must almost always be exercised with a certain amount of discretion, and at times the line between making laws and enforcing them may blur.")

|historic=

* ''Terrazas v. Ramirez'', 829 S.W.2d 712, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4056378932206213554#p733 733] n.3 (Tex. 1991) (Cornyn, concurring) ("There are exceptions to this rigid prohibition under which legislative authority has been delegated under certain circumstances. ''See'' ''Trimmier v. Carlton'', [] 296 S.W. 1070, 1079 (1927); Annotation, ''Permissible Limits of Delegation of Legislative Power'', 79 L.Ed. 474, 479-80 (1934). First, it is not . . . . Finally, the legislature may delegate legislative authority concerning matters of local concern. ''Ex parte Brewer'', [] 152 S.W. 1068, 1069-70 (1913). Clearly, the power to draw district lines does not fall under any of these exceptions and is not a delegable power.")

* ''Bexar County Hosp. Dist. v. Crosby'', 327 S.W.2d 445, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1673557588121091927#p447 447] (Tex. 1959) ("It is also argued that since Section 4 of Article IX [] expressly authorized the Legislature to provide for the transfer to the District of hospital land, buildings and equipment owned by the City or County, but made no mention of delinquent taxes under the maxim '''Expresio unius est exclusio alterius'',' it must be presumed that the framers of that Article and Section intended that the delinquent taxes be not transferred. There can be no dispute but that in this State the provisions of the Constitution serve only as a limitation on the power of the Legislature, and not as a grant of power.")

* ''Friedman v. American Surety Co.'', 151 S.W.2d 570, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/151_SW2_570.pdf#page=11 580] (Tex. 1941) ("It seems to be then argued that if it was necessary to amend the Constitution in the instances above mentioned, to enable the Legislature to pass laws to accomplish their purposes, it is necessary to amend the Constitution to enable the Legislature to accomplish the purposes of this Act. . . . We will say, however, that the history of the submission of constitutional amendments in this State will prove that not all of them have been submitted in order to create a legislative power. Some few have undoubtedly been submitted to ascertain the will of the people.")

* ''Texas National Guard Armory Board v. McCraw'', 126 S.W.2d 627, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/126_SW2_627.pdf#page=9 635] (Tex. 1939) ("The general rule prevails . . . . However, there are many powers that the Legislature may delegate to other bodies. In many instances, where the Legislature cannot itself practically or efficiently perform the functions required, there can be no doubt of its authority to designate some tribunal to perform the duties required to carry out the purposes of such legislation. In this State the Legislature has created the Railroad Commission, the Live Stock Commission, the Highway Commission, and many other agencies; and the trend of modern decisions is to uphold such laws.")

* ''De Shazo v. Webb'', 113 S.W.2d 519, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/113_SW2_519.pdf#page=5 523] (Tex. 1938) ("[T]he Legislature has the power to enact any law that is not in conflict with the Constitution of this state or of the United States, or valid laws enacted by the latter. No contention is made by contestee that the above statutes involve any federal question. . . . When we consider, however, that this is not a civil suit, and that the statute confers the power or capacity on these contestants to maintain this legislative action, and when we are unable to put our finger on a single constitutional provision which prohibits the conferring of such power, we are compelled to overrule this contention.")

* ''Brown v. Humble Oil & Refining Co.'', 83 S.W.2d 935, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/083_SW2_935.pdf#page=7 941] (Tex. 1935) (citations omitted) ("In the absence of a well-defined standard or rule in the statutes defining the public policy of the state with respect to the mineral interest, the Railroad Commission would be without authority to promulgate rules, regulations, or orders relating to the protection of oil and gas. The power to pass laws rests with the Legislature, and that power cannot be delegated to some commission or other tribunal. In order to carry out the commands of the Legislature, the Railroad Commission adopted rule 37. The validity of this rule has been upheld repeatedly.")

* ''Eucaline Medicine Co. v. Standard Inv. Co.'', 25 S.W.2d 259, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/025_SW2_259.pdf#page=5 263] (Tex.Civ.App.–Dallas 1930, ref'd) ("The American concept of constitutional government is that originally all legislative powers resided in the people, that certain of these powers were surrendered to the national government, and those not surrendered were reserved, and have been committed by the people of the states to their State Legislatures under certain limitations and restrictions. It follows therefore that the Legislature of a state in enacting statutes may exercise all the reserve powers of the people, except as expressly or impliedly limited in the Constitution.")

* ''Felton v. Johnson'', 247 S.W. 837, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/247_SW_837.pdf#page=4 840] (Tex. 1923) ("In view of the history of this bill, we think we would do violence to the plain intent of the Legislature if we recommended a construction of this statute which would include professional services of a real estate broker within its terms. Before we could make such a recommendation, we think it would be necessary for us to insert in this statute the very provisions which the Legislature not only refused to include therein but expressly eliminated therefrom. The courts should not do that. To do so would clearly invade the prerogatives of the legislative branch of the state government.")

* ''Ex parte Leslie'', 223 S.W. 227, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/223_SW_227.pdf#page=3 229] (Tex.Crim.App. 1920) ("The law being silent upon this subject, the relator cannot be punished for refusing to obey the command of the commission or its agents. Power cannot be conferred upon them to make an offense. Jannin v. State, 42 Tex. Cr. R. 631, 51 S.W. 1126, 62 S.W. 419, 53 L. R. A. 349 . . . . The rules proclaimed cannot be enforced, for the reason that an attempt is made to delegate to the inspectors the discretion conferred by the Legislature upon the commission, and by reason of the attempt to give a power of discrimination which could not be exercised by the commission or the Legislature.")

* ''Union Cent. Life Ins. Co. v. Chowning'', 26 S.W. 982, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/026_SW_982.pdf#page=3 984-85] (Tex. 1894) ("If it be conceded that the 12 per cent. is a penalty for a failure to pay when due, then the question arises, by what provision of our constitution is such legislation forbidden, and who will determine as to when the public is so interested in the enforcement of contracts as to justify the legislature in enforcing their performance by penalties? There is no clause of our state constitution which expressly or by implication prohibits the act. . . . The article is not in conflict with the constitution of the United States or of the state of Texas, and is valid.")

* ''Stanfield v. State'', 18 S.W. 577, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/018_SW_577.pdf#page=2 578] (Tex. 1892) ("There seems to be a well-recognized distinction, in respect to the question under consideration, between laws affecting only the municipal subdivisions of the state and such as affect the state at large; and, whatever differences of opinion there may be about the application of the rule to the general laws that affect alike the whole state, it seems to be well established that the maxim that the legislative power is not to be delegated is not trenched upon when the legislation merely bestows upon the municipal organizations of the state certain powers of local regulation.")

* ''Tugwell v. Eagle Pass Ferry Co.'', 9 S.W. 120, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/009_SW_120.pdf#page=3 122-23] (Tex. 1888) ("But the question arises, has the state the right to grant a franchise for a ferry across a stream which constitutes a boundary between it and another state, or between it and a foreign nation? The answer to this is that it has the right, as far as its territory extends; that it, in ordinary cases, to the middle of the stream. This principle is distinctly announced by the supreme court of the United States in ''Conway v. Taylor's Ex'r'', 1 Black, 603. . . . The political jurisdiction of the state extends to its boundary, which, by article 5 of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, is fixed, on the west, at the middle of the Rio Grande river.")

* ''Werner v. City of Galveston'', 7 S.W. 726, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/007_SW_726.pdf#page=2 727] (Tex. 1888) ("It is a well-settled principle that the legislature cannot delegate its authority to make laws by submitting the question of their enactment to a popular vote; and in ''State v. Swisher'', 17 Tex. 441, this court held an act of the legislature which authorized the counties of the state to determine by popular vote whether liquor should be sold in their respective limits to be unconstitutional. But it does not follow from this that the legislature has no authority to confer a power upon a municipal corporation, and to authorize its acceptance or rejection by the municipality according to the will of its voters as expressed at the ballot-box.")

* ''Morris & Cummings v. State'', 62 Tex. 728, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/062_Tex_728.pdf#page=11 738-39] (1884) ("But we are not pointed to any act of congress upon this subject whatever, and we certainly know of none which has attempted such a regulation. It is not enough that the harbor of Corpus Christi, and the water-borne commerce that passes to and from it, are within the general laws regulating the commerce of the country. . . . This principle is so well sustained by the authorities that no further discussion of it is required. We think, therefore, that the legislation of our state upon the subject of the franchise in question is not in violation of the constitution of the United States.")

|seo_title=Article III, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution ("Senate and House of Representatives")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 1, bicameral legislature, legislative delegation
|seo_description=Under this section, the legislative power of Texas is vested in a Senate and House of Representatives.
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:State Government Law]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 1

2025-11-01T23:38:23Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution (''"Senate and House of Representatives"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=Adopted February 15, 1876:

'''The Legislative [sic] power of this State shall be vested in a Senate and House of Representatives, which together shall be styled "The Legislature of the State of Texas."'''

|editor=

This fundamental section creates the Texas Legislature and vests in it the legislative power of the state.

However, the power granted by the section is subject to more specific provisions of the state constitution.

For example, the Governor is granted the veto, a significant legislative power, by Article IV, Section [[Texas Constitution:Article IV, Section 14|14]].

Note that in 1914 voters narrowly rejected a constitutional amendment providing initiative and referendum.

|recent=

* ''Graphic Packaging Corp. v. Hegar'', 538 S.W.3d 89, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13941570117140877029#p104 104] (Tex. 2017) (citations omitted) ("The power to enact our state laws together with the power to amend or repeal existing state law is vested in the Texas Legislature. The Legislature's power to amend or repeal an earlier statute is generally limited only by federal or state constitutional provisions or federal law. Moreover, as a general rule, one 'legislature cannot prevent future legislatures from amending or repealing a statute.' . . . But, because of the severe consequence that may ensue when an earlier legislature contractually binds future legislatures, contractual intent must be unmistakable.")

* ''State v. Rhine'', 297 S.W.3d 301, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2378059465993094828#p327 327-28] (Tex.Crim.App. 2009) (Keller, concurring) ("From this discussion, I conclude that a delegation of authority to an administrative agency is constitutionally permissible under the separation-of-powers provision of the Texas Constitution if the following four conditions are met: (1) the delegation can, at least by implication, be characterized as the delegation of authority to make a factual determination relevant to the purpose of the statute, rather than simply a policy decision . . . and (4) post-adoption judicial review is available to ensure that the agency rule or other action does in fact comply with the legislative standards.")

* ''BIC Pen Corp. v. Carter'', 251 S.W.3d 500, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8808518267344329947#p504 504] (Tex. 2008) (citations omitted) ("First, '[a] federal law may expressly preempt state law.' Second, 'federal law or regulations may impliedly preempt state law or regulations if the statute's scope indicates that Congress intended federal law or regulations to occupy the field exclusively.' Finally, state law is impliedly preempted if it 'actually conflicts with federal law or regulations,' because '(1) it is impossible for a private party to comply with both state and federal requirements; or (2) state law obstructs accomplishing and executing Congress' full purposes and objectives.'")

* ''FM Properties Operating Co. v. City of Austin'', 22 S.W.3d 868, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3213765366956308727#p873 873] (Tex. 2000) (citations omitted) ("Because this definition of delegation sweeps so broadly, it is not surprising that 'the debate over unconstitutional delegation becomes a debate not over a point of principle but over a question of degree.' Although the Constitution vests legislative power in the Legislature, courts have recognized that in a complex society like ours, delegation of legislative power is both necessary and proper in certain circumstances. Thus, the Legislature may delegate legislative power to local governments, administrative agencies, and even private entities under certain conditions.")

* ''Proctor v. Andrews'', 972 S.W.2d 729, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5923105601757985422#p733 733] (Tex. 1998) ("Article III, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution vests in the Legislature the power to make laws. . . . As such, Article II and Article III both apply when the constitutionality of the Legislature's delegation of power to another branch of state government, such as an administrative agency, is challenged. Article II is not relevant, however, to a legislative delegation of authority to an entity that is not a part of state government. Therefore, the proper constitutional source for a prohibition of delegations to private entities or another government's entities is Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution.")

* ''Texas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation v. Lewellen'', 952 S.W.2d 454, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14712011369692053572#p466 466] (Tex. 1997) (citation omitted) ("Likewise, in our State '[t]he power to pass laws rests with the Legislature, and that power cannot be delegated to some commission or other tribunal.' Yet, like many truisms, these blanket pronouncements should not be read too literally. Even in a simple society, a legislative body would be hard put to contend with every detail involved in carrying out its laws; in a complex society it is absolutely impossible . . . . Such power must almost always be exercised with a certain amount of discretion, and at times the line between making laws and enforcing them may blur.")

|historic=

* ''Terrazas v. Ramirez'', 829 S.W.2d 712, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4056378932206213554#p733 733] n.3 (Tex. 1991) (Cornyn, concurring) ("There are exceptions to this rigid prohibition under which legislative authority has been delegated under certain circumstances. ''See'' ''Trimmier v. Carlton'', [] 296 S.W. 1070, 1079 (1927); Annotation, ''Permissible Limits of Delegation of Legislative Power'', 79 L.Ed. 474, 479-80 (1934). First, it is not . . . . Finally, the legislature may delegate legislative authority concerning matters of local concern. ''Ex parte Brewer'', [] 152 S.W. 1068, 1069-70 (1913). Clearly, the power to draw district lines does not fall under any of these exceptions and is not a delegable power.")

* ''Bexar County Hosp. Dist. v. Crosby'', 327 S.W.2d 445, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1673557588121091927#p447 447] (Tex. 1959) ("It is also argued that since Section 4 of Article IX [] expressly authorized the Legislature to provide for the transfer to the District of hospital land, buildings and equipment owned by the City or County, but made no mention of delinquent taxes under the maxim '''Expresio unius est exclusio alterius'',' it must be presumed that the framers of that Article and Section intended that the delinquent taxes be not transferred. There can be no dispute but that in this State the provisions of the Constitution serve only as a limitation on the power of the Legislature, and not as a grant of power.")

* ''Friedman v. American Surety Co.'', 151 S.W.2d 570, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/151_SW2_570.pdf#page=11 580] (Tex. 1941) ("It seems to be then argued that if it was necessary to amend the Constitution in the instances above mentioned, to enable the Legislature to pass laws to accomplish their purposes, it is necessary to amend the Constitution to enable the Legislature to accomplish the purposes of this Act. . . . We will say, however, that the history of the submission of constitutional amendments in this State will prove that not all of them have been submitted in order to create a legislative power. Some few have undoubtedly been submitted to ascertain the will of the people.")

* ''Texas National Guard Armory Board v. McCraw'', 126 S.W.2d 627, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/126_SW2_627.pdf#page=9 635] (Tex. 1939) ("The general rule prevails . . . . However, there are many powers that the Legislature may delegate to other bodies. In many instances, where the Legislature cannot itself practically or efficiently perform the functions required, there can be no doubt of its authority to designate some tribunal to perform the duties required to carry out the purposes of such legislation. In this State the Legislature has created the Railroad Commission, the Live Stock Commission, the Highway Commission, and many other agencies; and the trend of modern decisions is to uphold such laws.")

* ''De Shazo v. Webb'', 113 S.W.2d 519, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/113_SW2_519.pdf#page=5 523] (Tex. 1938) ("[T]he Legislature has the power to enact any law that is not in conflict with the Constitution of this state or of the United States, or valid laws enacted by the latter. No contention is made by contestee that the above statutes involve any federal question. . . . When we consider, however, that this is not a civil suit, and that the statute confers the power or capacity on these contestants to maintain this legislative action, and when we are unable to put our finger on a single constitutional provision which prohibits the conferring of such power, we are compelled to overrule this contention.")

* ''Brown v. Humble Oil & Refining Co.'', 83 S.W.2d 935, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/083_SW2_935.pdf#page=7 941] (Tex. 1935) (citations omitted) ("In the absence of a well-defined standard or rule in the statutes defining the public policy of the state with respect to the mineral interest, the Railroad Commission would be without authority to promulgate rules, regulations, or orders relating to the protection of oil and gas. The power to pass laws rests with the Legislature, and that power cannot be delegated to some commission or other tribunal. In order to carry out the commands of the Legislature, the Railroad Commission adopted rule 37. The validity of this rule has been upheld repeatedly.")

* ''Eucaline Medicine Co. v. Standard Inv. Co.'', 25 S.W.2d 259, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/025_SW2_259.pdf#page=5 263] (Tex.Civ.App.–Dallas 1930, ref'd) ("The American concept of constitutional government is that originally all legislative powers resided in the people, that certain of these powers were surrendered to the national government, and those not surrendered were reserved, and have been committed by the people of the states to their State Legislatures under certain limitations and restrictions. It follows therefore that the Legislature of a state in enacting statutes may exercise all the reserve powers of the people, except as expressly or impliedly limited in the Constitution.")

* ''Felton v. Johnson'', 247 S.W. 837, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/247_SW_837.pdf#page=4 840] (Tex. 1923) ("In view of the history of this bill, we think we would do violence to the plain intent of the Legislature if we recommended a construction of this statute which would include professional services of a real estate broker within its terms. Before we could make such a recommendation, we think it would be necessary for us to insert in this statute the very provisions which the Legislature not only refused to include therein but expressly eliminated therefrom. The courts should not do that. To do so would clearly invade the prerogatives of the legislative branch of the state government.")

* ''Ex parte Leslie'', 223 S.W. 227, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/223_SW_227.pdf#page=3 229] (Tex.Crim.App. 1920) ("The law being silent upon this subject, the relator cannot be punished for refusing to obey the command of the commission or its agents. Power cannot be conferred upon them to make an offense. Jannin v. State, 42 Tex. Cr. R. 631, 51 S.W. 1126, 62 S.W. 419, 53 L. R. A. 349 . . . . The rules proclaimed cannot be enforced, for the reason that an attempt is made to delegate to the inspectors the discretion conferred by the Legislature upon the commission, and by reason of the attempt to give a power of discrimination which could not be exercised by the commission or the Legislature.")

* ''Union Cent. Life Ins. Co. v. Chowning'', 26 S.W. 982, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/026_SW_982.pdf#page=3 984-85] (Tex. 1894) ("If it be conceded that the 12 per cent. is a penalty for a failure to pay when due, then the question arises, by what provision of our constitution is such legislation forbidden, and who will determine as to when the public is so interested in the enforcement of contracts as to justify the legislature in enforcing their performance by penalties? There is no clause of our state constitution which expressly or by implication prohibits the act. . . . The article is not in conflict with the constitution of the United States or of the state of Texas, and is valid.")

* ''Stanfield v. State'', 18 S.W. 577, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/018_SW_577.pdf#page=2 578] (Tex. 1892) ("There seems to be a well-recognized distinction, in respect to the question under consideration, between laws affecting only the municipal subdivisions of the state and such as affect the state at large; and, whatever differences of opinion there may be about the application of the rule to the general laws that affect alike the whole state, it seems to be well established that the maxim that the legislative power is not to be delegated is not trenched upon when the legislation merely bestows upon the municipal organizations of the state certain powers of local regulation.")

* ''Tugwell v. Eagle Pass Ferry Co.'', 9 S.W. 120, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/009_SW_120.pdf#page=3 122-23] (Tex. 1888) ("But the question arises, has the state the right to grant a franchise for a ferry across a stream which constitutes a boundary between it and another state, or between it and a foreign nation? The answer to this is that it has the right, as far as its territory extends; that it, in ordinary cases, to the middle of the stream. This principle is distinctly announced by the supreme court of the United States in ''Conway v. Taylor's Ex'r'', 1 Black, 603. . . . The political jurisdiction of the state extends to its boundary, which, by article 5 of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, is fixed, on the west, at the middle of the Rio Grande river.")

* ''Werner v. City of Galveston'', 7 S.W. 726, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/007_SW_726.pdf#page=2 727] (Tex. 1888) ("It is a well-settled principle that the legislature cannot delegate its authority to make laws by submitting the question of their enactment to a popular vote; and in ''State v. Swisher'', 17 Tex. 441, this court held an act of the legislature which authorized the counties of the state to determine by popular vote whether liquor should be sold in their respective limits to be unconstitutional. But it does not follow from this that the legislature has no authority to confer a power upon a municipal corporation, and to authorize its acceptance or rejection by the municipality according to the will of its voters as expressed at the ballot-box.")

* ''Morris & Cummings v. State'', 62 Tex. 728, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/062_Tex_728.pdf#page=11 738-39] (1884) ("But we are not pointed to any act of congress upon this subject whatever, and we certainly know of none which has attempted such a regulation. It is not enough that the harbor of Corpus Christi, and the water-borne commerce that passes to and from it, are within the general laws regulating the commerce of the country. . . . This principle is so well sustained by the authorities that no further discussion of it is required. We think, therefore, that the legislation of our state upon the subject of the franchise in question is not in violation of the constitution of the United States.")

|seo_title=Article III, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution ("Senate and House of Representatives")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 1, bicameral legislature, legislative delegation
|seo_description=Under this section, the legislative power of Texas is invested in a Senate and House of Representatives.
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:State Government Law]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 1

2025-11-01T23:26:36Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution (''"Senate and House of Representatives"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=Adopted February 15, 1876:

'''The Legislative [sic] power of this State shall be vested in a Senate and House of Representatives, which together shall be styled "The Legislature of the State of Texas."'''

|editor=

This fundamental section creates the Texas Legislature and vests in it the legislative power of the state.

However, the power granted by the section is subject to more specific provisions of the state constitution.

For example, the Governor is granted the veto, a significant legislative power, by Article IV, Section [[Texas Constitution:Article IV, Section 14|14]].

Note that in 1914 voters narrowly rejected a constitutional amendment providing initiative and referendum.

|recent=

* ''Graphic Packaging Corp. v. Hegar'', 538 S.W.3d 89, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13941570117140877029#p104 104] (Tex. 2017) (citations omitted) ("The power to enact our state laws together with the power to amend or repeal existing state law is vested in the Texas Legislature. The Legislature's power to amend or repeal an earlier statute is generally limited only by federal or state constitutional provisions or federal law. Moreover, as a general rule, one 'legislature cannot prevent future legislatures from amending or repealing a statute.' . . . But, because of the severe consequence that may ensue when an earlier legislature contractually binds future legislatures, contractual intent must be unmistakable.")

* ''State v. Rhine'', 297 S.W.3d 301, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2378059465993094828#p327 327-28] (Tex.Crim.App. 2009) (P.J. Keller, concurring) ("From this discussion, I conclude that a delegation of authority to an administrative agency is constitutionally permissible under the separation-of-powers provision of the Texas Constitution if the following four conditions are met: (1) the delegation can, at least by implication, be characterized as the delegation of authority to make a factual determination relevant to the purpose of the statute, rather than simply a policy decision . . . and (4) post-adoption judicial review is available to ensure that the agency rule or other action does in fact comply with the legislative standards.")

* ''BIC Pen Corp. v. Carter'', 251 S.W.3d 500, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8808518267344329947#p504 504] (Tex. 2008) (citations omitted) ("First, '[a] federal law may expressly preempt state law.' Second, 'federal law or regulations may impliedly preempt state law or regulations if the statute's scope indicates that Congress intended federal law or regulations to occupy the field exclusively.' Finally, state law is impliedly preempted if it 'actually conflicts with federal law or regulations,' because '(1) it is impossible for a private party to comply with both state and federal requirements; or (2) state law obstructs accomplishing and executing Congress' full purposes and objectives.'")

* ''FM Properties Operating Co. v. City of Austin'', 22 S.W.3d 868, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3213765366956308727#p873 873] (Tex. 2000) (citations omitted) ("Because this definition of delegation sweeps so broadly, it is not surprising that 'the debate over unconstitutional delegation becomes a debate not over a point of principle but over a question of degree.' Although the Constitution vests legislative power in the Legislature, courts have recognized that in a complex society like ours, delegation of legislative power is both necessary and proper in certain circumstances. Thus, the Legislature may delegate legislative power to local governments, administrative agencies, and even private entities under certain conditions.")

* ''Proctor v. Andrews'', 972 S.W.2d 729, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5923105601757985422#p733 733] (Tex. 1998) ("Article III, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution vests in the Legislature the power to make laws. . . . As such, Article II and Article III both apply when the constitutionality of the Legislature's delegation of power to another branch of state government, such as an administrative agency, is challenged. Article II is not relevant, however, to a legislative delegation of authority to an entity that is not a part of state government. Therefore, the proper constitutional source for a prohibition of delegations to private entities or another government's entities is Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution.")

* ''Texas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation v. Lewellen'', 952 S.W.2d 454, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14712011369692053572#p466 466] (Tex. 1997) (citation omitted) ("Likewise, in our State '[t]he power to pass laws rests with the Legislature, and that power cannot be delegated to some commission or other tribunal.' Yet, like many truisms, these blanket pronouncements should not be read too literally. Even in a simple society, a legislative body would be hard put to contend with every detail involved in carrying out its laws; in a complex society it is absolutely impossible . . . . Such power must almost always be exercised with a certain amount of discretion, and at times the line between making laws and enforcing them may blur.")

|historic=

* ''Terrazas v. Ramirez'', 829 S.W.2d 712, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4056378932206213554#p733 733] n.3 (Tex. 1991) (J. Cornyn, concurring) ("There are exceptions to this rigid prohibition under which legislative authority has been delegated under certain circumstances. ''See'' ''Trimmier v. Carlton'', [] 296 S.W. 1070, 1079 (1927); Annotation, ''Permissible Limits of Delegation of Legislative Power'', 79 L.Ed. 474, 479-80 (1934). First, it is not . . . . Finally, the legislature may delegate legislative authority concerning matters of local concern. ''Ex parte Brewer'', [] 152 S.W. 1068, 1069-70 (1913). Clearly, the power to draw district lines does not fall under any of these exceptions and is not a delegable power.")

* ''Bexar County Hosp. Dist. v. Crosby'', 327 S.W.2d 445, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1673557588121091927#p447 447] (Tex. 1959) ("It is also argued that since Section 4 of Article IX [] expressly authorized the Legislature to provide for the transfer to the District of hospital land, buildings and equipment owned by the City or County, but made no mention of delinquent taxes under the maxim '''Expresio unius est exclusio alterius'',' it must be presumed that the framers of that Article and Section intended that the delinquent taxes be not transferred. There can be no dispute but that in this State the provisions of the Constitution serve only as a limitation on the power of the Legislature, and not as a grant of power.")

* ''Friedman v. American Surety Co.'', 151 S.W.2d 570, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/151_SW2_570.pdf#page=11 580] (Tex. 1941) ("It seems to be then argued that if it was necessary to amend the Constitution in the instances above mentioned, to enable the Legislature to pass laws to accomplish their purposes, it is necessary to amend the Constitution to enable the Legislature to accomplish the purposes of this Act. . . . We will say, however, that the history of the submission of constitutional amendments in this State will prove that not all of them have been submitted in order to create a legislative power. Some few have undoubtedly been submitted to ascertain the will of the people.")

* ''Texas National Guard Armory Board v. McCraw'', 126 S.W.2d 627, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/126_SW2_627.pdf#page=9 635] (Tex. 1939) ("The general rule prevails . . . . However, there are many powers that the Legislature may delegate to other bodies. In many instances, where the Legislature cannot itself practically or efficiently perform the functions required, there can be no doubt of its authority to designate some tribunal to perform the duties required to carry out the purposes of such legislation. In this State the Legislature has created the Railroad Commission, the Live Stock Commission, the Highway Commission, and many other agencies; and the trend of modern decisions is to uphold such laws.")

* ''De Shazo v. Webb'', 113 S.W.2d 519, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/113_SW2_519.pdf#page=5 523] (Tex. 1938) ("[T]he Legislature has the power to enact any law that is not in conflict with the Constitution of this state or of the United States, or valid laws enacted by the latter. No contention is made by contestee that the above statutes involve any federal question. . . . When we consider, however, that this is not a civil suit, and that the statute confers the power or capacity on these contestants to maintain this legislative action, and when we are unable to put our finger on a single constitutional provision which prohibits the conferring of such power, we are compelled to overrule this contention.")

* ''Brown v. Humble Oil & Refining Co.'', 83 S.W.2d 935, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/083_SW2_935.pdf#page=7 941] (Tex. 1935) (citations omitted) ("In the absence of a well-defined standard or rule in the statutes defining the public policy of the state with respect to the mineral interest, the Railroad Commission would be without authority to promulgate rules, regulations, or orders relating to the protection of oil and gas. The power to pass laws rests with the Legislature, and that power cannot be delegated to some commission or other tribunal. In order to carry out the commands of the Legislature, the Railroad Commission adopted rule 37. The validity of this rule has been upheld repeatedly.")

* ''Eucaline Medicine Co. v. Standard Inv. Co.'', 25 S.W.2d 259, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/025_SW2_259.pdf#page=5 263] (Tex.Civ.App.–Dallas 1930, ref'd) ("The American concept of constitutional government is that originally all legislative powers resided in the people, that certain of these powers were surrendered to the national government, and those not surrendered were reserved, and have been committed by the people of the states to their State Legislatures under certain limitations and restrictions. It follows therefore that the Legislature of a state in enacting statutes may exercise all the reserve powers of the people, except as expressly or impliedly limited in the Constitution.")

* ''Felton v. Johnson'', 247 S.W. 837, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/247_SW_837.pdf#page=4 840] (Tex. 1923) ("In view of the history of this bill, we think we would do violence to the plain intent of the Legislature if we recommended a construction of this statute which would include professional services of a real estate broker within its terms. Before we could make such a recommendation, we think it would be necessary for us to insert in this statute the very provisions which the Legislature not only refused to include therein but expressly eliminated therefrom. The courts should not do that. To do so would clearly invade the prerogatives of the legislative branch of the state government.")

* ''Ex parte Leslie'', 223 S.W. 227, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/223_SW_227.pdf#page=3 229] (Tex.Crim.App. 1920) ("The law being silent upon this subject, the relator cannot be punished for refusing to obey the command of the commission or its agents. Power cannot be conferred upon them to make an offense. Jannin v. State, 42 Tex. Cr. R. 631, 51 S.W. 1126, 62 S.W. 419, 53 L. R. A. 349 . . . . The rules proclaimed cannot be enforced, for the reason that an attempt is made to delegate to the inspectors the discretion conferred by the Legislature upon the commission, and by reason of the attempt to give a power of discrimination which could not be exercised by the commission or the Legislature.")

* ''Union Cent. Life Ins. Co. v. Chowning'', 26 S.W. 982, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/026_SW_982.pdf#page=3 984-85] (Tex. 1894) ("If it be conceded that the 12 per cent. is a penalty for a failure to pay when due, then the question arises, by what provision of our constitution is such legislation forbidden, and who will determine as to when the public is so interested in the enforcement of contracts as to justify the legislature in enforcing their performance by penalties? There is no clause of our state constitution which expressly or by implication prohibits the act. . . . The article is not in conflict with the constitution of the United States or of the state of Texas, and is valid.")

* ''Stanfield v. State'', 18 S.W. 577, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/018_SW_577.pdf#page=2 578] (Tex. 1892) ("There seems to be a well-recognized distinction, in respect to the question under consideration, between laws affecting only the municipal subdivisions of the state and such as affect the state at large; and, whatever differences of opinion there may be about the application of the rule to the general laws that affect alike the whole state, it seems to be well established that the maxim that the legislative power is not to be delegated is not trenched upon when the legislation merely bestows upon the municipal organizations of the state certain powers of local regulation.")

* ''Tugwell v. Eagle Pass Ferry Co.'', 9 S.W. 120, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/009_SW_120.pdf#page=3 122-23] (Tex. 1888) ("But the question arises, has the state the right to grant a franchise for a ferry across a stream which constitutes a boundary between it and another state, or between it and a foreign nation? The answer to this is that it has the right, as far as its territory extends; that it, in ordinary cases, to the middle of the stream. This principle is distinctly announced by the supreme court of the United States in ''Conway v. Taylor's Ex'r'', 1 Black, 603. . . . The political jurisdiction of the state extends to its boundary, which, by article 5 of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, is fixed, on the west, at the middle of the Rio Grande river.")

* ''Werner v. City of Galveston'', 7 S.W. 726, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/007_SW_726.pdf#page=2 727] (Tex. 1888) ("It is a well-settled principle that the legislature cannot delegate its authority to make laws by submitting the question of their enactment to a popular vote; and in ''State v. Swisher'', 17 Tex. 441, this court held an act of the legislature which authorized the counties of the state to determine by popular vote whether liquor should be sold in their respective limits to be unconstitutional. But it does not follow from this that the legislature has no authority to confer a power upon a municipal corporation, and to authorize its acceptance or rejection by the municipality according to the will of its voters as expressed at the ballot-box.")

* ''Morris & Cummings v. State'', 62 Tex. 728, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/062_Tex_728.pdf#page=11 738-39] (1884) ("But we are not pointed to any act of congress upon this subject whatever, and we certainly know of none which has attempted such a regulation. It is not enough that the harbor of Corpus Christi, and the water-borne commerce that passes to and from it, are within the general laws regulating the commerce of the country. . . . This principle is so well sustained by the authorities that no further discussion of it is required. We think, therefore, that the legislation of our state upon the subject of the franchise in question is not in violation of the constitution of the United States.")

|seo_title=Article III, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution ("Senate and House of Representatives")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 1, bicameral legislature, legislative delegation
|seo_description=The legislative power of this State shall be vested in a Senate and House of Representatives.
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[State Government Law]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 1

2025-11-01T23:24:44Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution (''"Senate and House of Representatives"'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=Adopted February 15, 1876:

'''The Legislative power of this State shall be vested in a Senate and House of Representatives, which together shall be styled "The Legislature of the State of Texas."'''

|editor=

This fundamental section creates the Texas Legislature and vests in it the legislative power of the state.

However, the power granted by the section is subject to more specific provisions of the state constitution.

For example, the Governor is granted the veto, a significant legislative power, by Article IV, Section [[Texas Constitution:Article IV, Section 14|14]].

Note that in 1914 voters narrowly rejected a constitutional amendment providing initiative and referendum.

|recent=

* ''Graphic Packaging Corp. v. Hegar'', 538 S.W.3d 89, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13941570117140877029#p104 104] (Tex. 2017) (citations omitted) ("The power to enact our state laws together with the power to amend or repeal existing state law is vested in the Texas Legislature. The Legislature's power to amend or repeal an earlier statute is generally limited only by federal or state constitutional provisions or federal law. Moreover, as a general rule, one 'legislature cannot prevent future legislatures from amending or repealing a statute.' . . . But, because of the severe consequence that may ensue when an earlier legislature contractually binds future legislatures, contractual intent must be unmistakable.")

* ''State v. Rhine'', 297 S.W.3d 301, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2378059465993094828#p327 327-28] (Tex.Crim.App. 2009) (P.J. Keller, concurring) ("From this discussion, I conclude that a delegation of authority to an administrative agency is constitutionally permissible under the separation-of-powers provision of the Texas Constitution if the following four conditions are met: (1) the delegation can, at least by implication, be characterized as the delegation of authority to make a factual determination relevant to the purpose of the statute, rather than simply a policy decision . . . and (4) post-adoption judicial review is available to ensure that the agency rule or other action does in fact comply with the legislative standards.")

* ''BIC Pen Corp. v. Carter'', 251 S.W.3d 500, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8808518267344329947#p504 504] (Tex. 2008) (citations omitted) ("First, '[a] federal law may expressly preempt state law.' Second, 'federal law or regulations may impliedly preempt state law or regulations if the statute's scope indicates that Congress intended federal law or regulations to occupy the field exclusively.' Finally, state law is impliedly preempted if it 'actually conflicts with federal law or regulations,' because '(1) it is impossible for a private party to comply with both state and federal requirements; or (2) state law obstructs accomplishing and executing Congress' full purposes and objectives.'")

* ''FM Properties Operating Co. v. City of Austin'', 22 S.W.3d 868, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3213765366956308727#p873 873] (Tex. 2000) (citations omitted) ("Because this definition of delegation sweeps so broadly, it is not surprising that 'the debate over unconstitutional delegation becomes a debate not over a point of principle but over a question of degree.' Although the Constitution vests legislative power in the Legislature, courts have recognized that in a complex society like ours, delegation of legislative power is both necessary and proper in certain circumstances. Thus, the Legislature may delegate legislative power to local governments, administrative agencies, and even private entities under certain conditions.")

* ''Proctor v. Andrews'', 972 S.W.2d 729, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5923105601757985422#p733 733] (Tex. 1998) ("Article III, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution vests in the Legislature the power to make laws. . . . As such, Article II and Article III both apply when the constitutionality of the Legislature's delegation of power to another branch of state government, such as an administrative agency, is challenged. Article II is not relevant, however, to a legislative delegation of authority to an entity that is not a part of state government. Therefore, the proper constitutional source for a prohibition of delegations to private entities or another government's entities is Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution.")

* ''Texas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation v. Lewellen'', 952 S.W.2d 454, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14712011369692053572#p466 466] (Tex. 1997) (citation omitted) ("Likewise, in our State '[t]he power to pass laws rests with the Legislature, and that power cannot be delegated to some commission or other tribunal.' Yet, like many truisms, these blanket pronouncements should not be read too literally. Even in a simple society, a legislative body would be hard put to contend with every detail involved in carrying out its laws; in a complex society it is absolutely impossible . . . . Such power must almost always be exercised with a certain amount of discretion, and at times the line between making laws and enforcing them may blur.")

|historic=

* ''Terrazas v. Ramirez'', 829 S.W.2d 712, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4056378932206213554#p733 733] n.3 (Tex. 1991) (J. Cornyn, concurring) ("There are exceptions to this rigid prohibition under which legislative authority has been delegated under certain circumstances. ''See'' ''Trimmier v. Carlton'', [] 296 S.W. 1070, 1079 (1927); Annotation, ''Permissible Limits of Delegation of Legislative Power'', 79 L.Ed. 474, 479-80 (1934). First, it is not . . . . Finally, the legislature may delegate legislative authority concerning matters of local concern. ''Ex parte Brewer'', [] 152 S.W. 1068, 1069-70 (1913). Clearly, the power to draw district lines does not fall under any of these exceptions and is not a delegable power.")

* ''Bexar County Hosp. Dist. v. Crosby'', 327 S.W.2d 445, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1673557588121091927#p447 447] (Tex. 1959) ("It is also argued that since Section 4 of Article IX [] expressly authorized the Legislature to provide for the transfer to the District of hospital land, buildings and equipment owned by the City or County, but made no mention of delinquent taxes under the maxim '''Expresio unius est exclusio alterius'',' it must be presumed that the framers of that Article and Section intended that the delinquent taxes be not transferred. There can be no dispute but that in this State the provisions of the Constitution serve only as a limitation on the power of the Legislature, and not as a grant of power.")

* ''Friedman v. American Surety Co.'', 151 S.W.2d 570, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/151_SW2_570.pdf#page=11 580] (Tex. 1941) ("It seems to be then argued that if it was necessary to amend the Constitution in the instances above mentioned, to enable the Legislature to pass laws to accomplish their purposes, it is necessary to amend the Constitution to enable the Legislature to accomplish the purposes of this Act. . . . We will say, however, that the history of the submission of constitutional amendments in this State will prove that not all of them have been submitted in order to create a legislative power. Some few have undoubtedly been submitted to ascertain the will of the people.")

* ''Texas National Guard Armory Board v. McCraw'', 126 S.W.2d 627, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/126_SW2_627.pdf#page=9 635] (Tex. 1939) ("The general rule prevails . . . . However, there are many powers that the Legislature may delegate to other bodies. In many instances, where the Legislature cannot itself practically or efficiently perform the functions required, there can be no doubt of its authority to designate some tribunal to perform the duties required to carry out the purposes of such legislation. In this State the Legislature has created the Railroad Commission, the Live Stock Commission, the Highway Commission, and many other agencies; and the trend of modern decisions is to uphold such laws.")

* ''De Shazo v. Webb'', 113 S.W.2d 519, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/113_SW2_519.pdf#page=5 523] (Tex. 1938) ("[T]he Legislature has the power to enact any law that is not in conflict with the Constitution of this state or of the United States, or valid laws enacted by the latter. No contention is made by contestee that the above statutes involve any federal question. . . . When we consider, however, that this is not a civil suit, and that the statute confers the power or capacity on these contestants to maintain this legislative action, and when we are unable to put our finger on a single constitutional provision which prohibits the conferring of such power, we are compelled to overrule this contention.")

* ''Brown v. Humble Oil & Refining Co.'', 83 S.W.2d 935, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/083_SW2_935.pdf#page=7 941] (Tex. 1935) (citations omitted) ("In the absence of a well-defined standard or rule in the statutes defining the public policy of the state with respect to the mineral interest, the Railroad Commission would be without authority to promulgate rules, regulations, or orders relating to the protection of oil and gas. The power to pass laws rests with the Legislature, and that power cannot be delegated to some commission or other tribunal. In order to carry out the commands of the Legislature, the Railroad Commission adopted rule 37. The validity of this rule has been upheld repeatedly.")

* ''Eucaline Medicine Co. v. Standard Inv. Co.'', 25 S.W.2d 259, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/025_SW2_259.pdf#page=5 263] (Tex.Civ.App.–Dallas 1930, ref'd) ("The American concept of constitutional government is that originally all legislative powers resided in the people, that certain of these powers were surrendered to the national government, and those not surrendered were reserved, and have been committed by the people of the states to their State Legislatures under certain limitations and restrictions. It follows therefore that the Legislature of a state in enacting statutes may exercise all the reserve powers of the people, except as expressly or impliedly limited in the Constitution.")

* ''Felton v. Johnson'', 247 S.W. 837, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/247_SW_837.pdf#page=4 840] (Tex. 1923) ("In view of the history of this bill, we think we would do violence to the plain intent of the Legislature if we recommended a construction of this statute which would include professional services of a real estate broker within its terms. Before we could make such a recommendation, we think it would be necessary for us to insert in this statute the very provisions which the Legislature not only refused to include therein but expressly eliminated therefrom. The courts should not do that. To do so would clearly invade the prerogatives of the legislative branch of the state government.")

* ''Ex parte Leslie'', 223 S.W. 227, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/223_SW_227.pdf#page=3 229] (Tex.Crim.App. 1920) ("The law being silent upon this subject, the relator cannot be punished for refusing to obey the command of the commission or its agents. Power cannot be conferred upon them to make an offense. Jannin v. State, 42 Tex. Cr. R. 631, 51 S.W. 1126, 62 S.W. 419, 53 L. R. A. 349 . . . . The rules proclaimed cannot be enforced, for the reason that an attempt is made to delegate to the inspectors the discretion conferred by the Legislature upon the commission, and by reason of the attempt to give a power of discrimination which could not be exercised by the commission or the Legislature.")

* ''Union Cent. Life Ins. Co. v. Chowning'', 26 S.W. 982, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/026_SW_982.pdf#page=3 984-85] (Tex. 1894) ("If it be conceded that the 12 per cent. is a penalty for a failure to pay when due, then the question arises, by what provision of our constitution is such legislation forbidden, and who will determine as to when the public is so interested in the enforcement of contracts as to justify the legislature in enforcing their performance by penalties? There is no clause of our state constitution which expressly or by implication prohibits the act. . . . The article is not in conflict with the constitution of the United States or of the state of Texas, and is valid.")

* ''Stanfield v. State'', 18 S.W. 577, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/018_SW_577.pdf#page=2 578] (Tex. 1892) ("There seems to be a well-recognized distinction, in respect to the question under consideration, between laws affecting only the municipal subdivisions of the state and such as affect the state at large; and, whatever differences of opinion there may be about the application of the rule to the general laws that affect alike the whole state, it seems to be well established that the maxim that the legislative power is not to be delegated is not trenched upon when the legislation merely bestows upon the municipal organizations of the state certain powers of local regulation.")

* ''Tugwell v. Eagle Pass Ferry Co.'', 9 S.W. 120, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/009_SW_120.pdf#page=3 122-23] (Tex. 1888) ("But the question arises, has the state the right to grant a franchise for a ferry across a stream which constitutes a boundary between it and another state, or between it and a foreign nation? The answer to this is that it has the right, as far as its territory extends; that it, in ordinary cases, to the middle of the stream. This principle is distinctly announced by the supreme court of the United States in ''Conway v. Taylor's Ex'r'', 1 Black, 603. . . . The political jurisdiction of the state extends to its boundary, which, by article 5 of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, is fixed, on the west, at the middle of the Rio Grande river.")

* ''Werner v. City of Galveston'', 7 S.W. 726, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/007_SW_726.pdf#page=2 727] (Tex. 1888) ("It is a well-settled principle that the legislature cannot delegate its authority to make laws by submitting the question of their enactment to a popular vote; and in ''State v. Swisher'', 17 Tex. 441, this court held an act of the legislature which authorized the counties of the state to determine by popular vote whether liquor should be sold in their respective limits to be unconstitutional. But it does not follow from this that the legislature has no authority to confer a power upon a municipal corporation, and to authorize its acceptance or rejection by the municipality according to the will of its voters as expressed at the ballot-box.")

* ''Morris & Cummings v. State'', 62 Tex. 728, [https://texaslegalguide.com/images/062_Tex_728.pdf#page=11 738-39] (1884) ("But we are not pointed to any act of congress upon this subject whatever, and we certainly know of none which has attempted such a regulation. It is not enough that the harbor of Corpus Christi, and the water-borne commerce that passes to and from it, are within the general laws regulating the commerce of the country. . . . This principle is so well sustained by the authorities that no further discussion of it is required. We think, therefore, that the legislation of our state upon the subject of the franchise in question is not in violation of the constitution of the United States.")

|seo_title=Article III, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution ("Senate and House of Representatives")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 1, bicameral legislature, legislative delegation
|seo_description=The legislative power of this State shall be vested in a Senate and House of Representatives.
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[State Government Law]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]

Texas Constitution:Article III

2025-11-01T19:04:53Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III of the Texas Constitution}}[[File:mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg|125px|border|right|Article III: Legislative Department]]The official title of Article III is "Legislative Department."

It originally had fifty-eight sections. Ninety-six sections have been added.

Four of the original and twenty-five of the added sections have been repealed.

Sections 50-b-4 and 50-b-5 (''"Additional Student Loans"'') have an official title.

Note that the term "Proceedings" precedes Section 29.

And "Requirements and Limitations" precedes Section 42.

On TLG, each section of the state constitution has its own page:

* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 1|Article III, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 2|Article III, Section 2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 3|Article III, Section 3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 4|Article III, Section 4 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 5|Article III, Section 5 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 6|Article III, Section 6 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 7|Article III, Section 7 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 8|Article III, Section 8 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 9|Article III, Section 9 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 10|Article III, Section 10 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 11|Article III, Section 11 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 12|Article III, Section 12 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 13|Article III, Section 13 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 14|Article III, Section 14 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 15|Article III, Section 15 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 16|Article III, Section 16 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 17|Article III, Section 17 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 18|Article III, Section 18 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 19|Article III, Section 19 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 20|Article III, Section 20 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 21|Article III, Section 21 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 22|Article III, Section 22 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 23|Article III, Section 23 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 23-a|Article III, Section 23-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 24|Article III, Section 24 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 24-a|Article III, Section 24-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 25|Article III, Section 25 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 26|Article III, Section 26 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 26-a|Article III, Section 26-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 27|Article III, Section 27 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 28|Article III, Section 28 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 29|Article III, Section 29 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 30|Article III, Section 30 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 31|Article III, Section 31 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 32|Article III, Section 32 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 33|Article III, Section 33 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 34|Article III, Section 34 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 35|Article III, Section 35 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 36|Article III, Section 36 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 37|Article III, Section 37 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 38|Article III, Section 38 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 39|Article III, Section 39 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 40|Article III, Section 40 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 41|Article III, Section 41 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 42|Article III, Section 42 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 43|Article III, Section 43 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 44|Article III, Section 44 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 45|Article III, Section 45 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 46|Article III, Section 46 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 47|Article III, Section 47 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48|Article III, Section 48 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-a|Article III, Section 48-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-b|Article III, Section 48-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-d|Article III, Section 48-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-e|Article III, Section 48-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 48-f|Article III, Section 48-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49|Article III, Section 49 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-a|Article III, Section 49-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b|Article III, Section 49-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b-1|Article III, Section 49-b-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b-2|Article III, Section 49-b-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-b-3|Article III, Section 49-b-3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-c|Article III, Section 49-c of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d|Article III, Section 49-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-1|Article III, Section 49-d-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-2|Article III, Section 49-d-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-3|Article III, Section 49-d-3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-4|Article III, Section 49-d-4 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-5|Article III, Section 49-d-5 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-6|Article III, Section 49-d-6 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-7|Article III, Section 49-d-7 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-8|Article III, Section 49-d-8 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-9|Article III, Section 49-d-9 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-10|Article III, Section 49-d-10 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-11|Article III, Section 49-d-11 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-12|Article III, Section 49-d-12 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-13|Article III, Section 49-d-13 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-14|Article III, Section 49-d-14 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-d-16|Article III, Section 49-d-16 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-e|Article III, Section 49-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-e-1|Article III, Section 49-e-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-f|Article III, Section 49-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-g|Article III, Section 49-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-h|Article III, Section 49-h of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-i|Article III, Section 49-i of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-j|Article III, Section 49-j of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-k|Article III, Section 49-k of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-l|Article III, Section 49-l of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-m|Article III, Section 49-m of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-n|Article III, Section 49-n of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-o|Article III, Section 49-o of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 49-p|Article III, Section 49-p of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50|Article III, Section 50 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-a|Article III, Section 50-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b|Article III, Section 50-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-1|Article III, Section 50-b-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-2|Article III, Section 50-b-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-3|Article III, Section 50-b-3 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-4|Article III, Section 50-b-4 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-5|Article III, Section 50-b-5 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-6|Article III, Section 50-b-6 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-6A|Article III, Section 50-b-6A of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-b-7|Article III, Section 50-b-7 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-c|Article III, Section 50-c of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-d|Article III, Section 50-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-e|Article III, Section 50-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-f|Article III, Section 50-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 50-g|Article III, Section 50-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51|Article III, Section 51 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-a|Article III, Section 51-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-a-1|Article III, Section 51-a-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-a-2|Article III, Section 51-a-2 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-b|Article III, Section 51-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-b-1|Article III, Section 51-b-1 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-c|Article III, Section 51-c of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-d|Article III, Section 51-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-e|Article III, Section 51-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-f|Article III, Section 51-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 51-g|Article III, Section 51-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52|Article III, Section 52 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-a|Article III, Section 52-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-b|Article III, Section 52-b of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-d|Article III, Section 52-d of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-e|Article III, Section 52-e of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-f|Article III, Section 52-f of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-g|Article III, Section 52-g of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-h|Article III, Section 52-h of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-i|Article III, Section 52-i of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-j|Article III, Section 52-j of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-k|Article III, Section 52-k of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 52-l|Article III, Section 52-l of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 53|Article III, Section 53 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 54|Article III, Section 54 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 55|Article III, Section 55 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 56|Article III, Section 56 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 57|Article III, Section 57 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 58|Article III, Section 58 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 59|Article III, Section 59 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 60|Article III, Section 60 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 61|Article III, Section 61 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 61-a|Article III, Section 61-a of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 62|Article III, Section 62 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 63|Article III, Section 63 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 64|Article III, Section 64 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 65|Article III, Section 65 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 66|Article III, Section 66 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 67|Article III, Section 67 of the Texas Constitution]]
* [[Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 68|Article III, Section 68 of the Texas Constitution]]

[[Category:Texas Constitution]]
[[Category:By Steve Smith]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtIII]]
[[Category:WikiSEO Extension]]{{#seo:|title=Article III of the Texas Constitution ("Legislative Department")|keywords=Article 3 Texas Constitution, legislature proceedings, legislature limitations|description=The official title of Article III is "Legislative Department." It currently has 124 sections.|locale=en-US|site_name=TLG (texaslegalguide.com)|type=article|section=law|author=Admin|published_time=2018-01-15T12:30:30Z|image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg|image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department.}}

Texas Constitution:Article III, Section 68

2025-11-01T19:03:47Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Article III, Section 68 of the Texas Constitution (''"...."'')}}{{Texas Constitution|text=Added November 4, 2025:

(a) The legislature shall establish the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas to: (1) award grants to institutions of learning, advanced medical research facilities, public or private persons, and collaboratives in this state to provide money for: (A) research into the causes of, means of prevention of, and treatment and rehabilitation for dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (B) research, including translational research, to develop therapies, protocols, medical pharmaceuticals, or procedures for the substantial mitigation of the symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (C) facilities, equipment, and other costs related to research on dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; and (D) prevention programs and strategies to mitigate the detrimental health impacts of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (2) support institutions of learning and advanced medical research facilities and collaboratives in this state in all stages of: (A) discovering the causes of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (B) developing therapies, protocols, medical pharmaceuticals, or procedures for the substantial mitigation of the symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders from laboratory research to clinical trials; and (C) developing programs to address access to advanced treatment for dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; and (3) establish the appropriate standards and oversight bodies to ensure the proper use of funding authorized under this section, including facilities development.

(b) The members of the governing body and any other decision-making body of the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas may serve six-year terms.

(c) The Dementia Prevention and Research Fund is established as a special fund in the state treasury outside the general revenue fund to be administered by the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas. The comptroller of public accounts shall credit to general revenue interest due to the fund.

(c-1) On January 1, 2026, the comptroller shall transfer $3 billion from this state's general revenue fund to the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund. The transfer made under this subsection is not an appropriation of state tax revenues for the purposes of Section 22, Article VIII, of this constitution. This subsection expires January 1, 2029.

(d) The Dementia Prevention and Research Fund consists of: (1) money transferred to the fund under this section; (2) money the legislature appropriates, credits, or transfers to the fund; and (3) gifts and grants, including grants from the federal government, and other donations received for the fund.

(e) Notwithstanding any other provision of this constitution, the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas, as established by general law, may use money in the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund only for the purpose of funding: (1) grants for research on dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders, research facilities, and research opportunities in this state:(A) for the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders and the mitigation of the incidence of and detrimental health impacts from dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; and (B) to develop therapies, protocols, medical pharmaceuticals, or procedures for the substantial mitigation of the symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related disorders; (2) the purchase, construction, or renovation, subject to the institute's approval, of facilities by or on behalf of a state agency or grant recipient; and (3) the institute's operation.

(f) Not including any unspent money appropriated to the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas carried forward from the preceding state fiscal year, the legislature may appropriate not more than $300 million from the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund to the institute for a state fiscal year.

(g) Before the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas may award a grant authorized under this section, the grant recipient must have available an unexpended amount of money equal to one-half of the grant amount dedicated to the research specified in the grant proposal.

(h) The reasonable expenses of managing the assets of the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund shall be paid from the fund.

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|seo_title=Article III, Section 68 of the Texas Constitution ("....")
|seo_keywords=Article 3 Section 68, dementia institute, debt authorization
|seo_description=The Legislature shall establish the ....
|seo_published_time=2025-06-01T12:30:30Z
|seo_image=mod_Texas_Constitution_of_1876_Article_3.jpg
|seo_image_alt=Article III: Legislative Department

}}

[[Category:Health Care Law]]
[[Category:TxCon ArtIII Sec]]
[[Category:Amendments 2025]]